Council
of Carthage To Investigate Pelagianism, May 1, 418 Translated
By The Right Rev. Charles Joseph Hefele, D.D. & Henry Nutcombe Oxenham,
M.A.
Edited By Rev. Daniel R. Jennings, M.A.
Synopsis:
After Coelestius appeared before Pope Zosimus for examination
and was vindicated and after reading the letter
and confession of faith that Pelagius had sent him Zosimus sent letters to
the North African bishops declaring
Coelestius and Pelagius to be orthodox, criticizing the African bishops
conduct, and representing Heros and Lazarus
(the two deposed bishops who had brought charges up against Pelagius for his
Diospolis
(Lydda) trial)
as being
wicked men, whom he had punished with excommunication and deposition. In
response to these letters the African
bishops assembled sometime around the end of 417 or beginning of 418 and in
a Synodal letter to Zosimus declared
“that he should hold to the sentence pronounced by Pope Innocent against
Pelagius and Coelestius until both of them
distinctly acknowledged that for every single good action we need the help
of the grace of God through Jesus Christ;
and this not only to perceive what is right, but also to practise it, so
that without it we can neither possess, think,
speak, or do anything really good and holy.” Zosimus responded by
affirming that he had already given the affair of
the Pelagians his mature consideration, but added that he had transmitted
all the documents to the Africans for the
purpose of common consultation. This letter reached the hands of the
Africans towards the end of April 418, and on
the 1st of May they opened a new great or General Synod in the Secretarium
of the Basilica of Faustus at Carthage.
Bishops were present not only from all the provinces of Africa, but even
from Spain, in all no less than two hundred.
They composed eight or nine canons against Pelagianism, and eleven others,
partly directed against the Donatists
and partly concerning general matters.
Can. 1
“If any man says that Adam, the first man, was created mortal, so that
whether he sinned or not he would have
died, not as the wages of sin, but through the necessity of nature, let him
be anathema.”
Can. 2
“If any man says that new-born children need not be baptized, or that they
should indeed be baptized for the
remission of sins, but that they have in them no original sin inherited from
Adam which must be washed away in the
bath of regeneration, so that in their ease the formula of baptism ‘for
the remission of sins’ must not be taken literally,
but figuratively, let him be anathema; because, according to Romans 5:12,
the sin of Adam (in quo omnes
peccaverunt) has passed upon all.”
Can. 3.1
“If any man says that in the kingdom of heaven or elsewhere there is a
certain middle place, where children
who die unbaptized live in bliss (beate vivant), whereas without baptism
they cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven,
that is, into eternal life, let him be anathema.” [The
authenticity of this canon has been brought into question, though
there is some reason to believe that it was part of the original canon
listing. In some manuscripts Canon 3.2, listed
below, is listed here.]
Can. 3.2
“If any man says that the grace of God, by which man is justified through
Jesus Christ, is only effectual for
the forgiveness of sins already committed, but is of no avail for avoiding
sin in the future, let him be anathema.”
Can. 4
“If any man says that this grace only helps not to sin, in so far that by
it we obtain a better insight into the
Divine commands, and learn what we should desire and avoid, but does not
also give the power gladly to do and to
fulfil what we have seen to be good, let him be anathema.”
Can. 5
“If any man says that the grace of justification was given us in order
that we might the more easily fulfil that
which we are bound to do by the power of free will, so that we could, even
without grace, only not so easily, fulfil the
Divine commands, let him be anathema.”
Can. 6
“If any man understands the words of the Apostle: ‘If we say that we
have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and
the truth is not in us,’ to mean that we must acknowledge ourselves to be
sinners only out of humility, not because we
are really such, let him be anathema.”
Can. 7
“If any man says that the saints pronounce the words of the Lord’s
Prayer, ‘forgive us our trespasses,’ not for
themselves, because for them this petition is unnecessary, but for others,
and that therefore it is, ‘forgive us,’ not ‘me,’
let him be anathema.”
Can. 8
“If any man says that the saints only pronounce these words, ‘forgive us
our trespasses,’ out of humility, not in
their literal meaning, let him be anathema.”
Can. 9
“It has already been ordered by a former plenary Council, that those
communities which became Catholic
before the Imperial laws against the Donatists were issued by Honorius, are
to remain in the dioceses of those
bishops through whom they became Catholic; but that if they entered into
communion with the Church after the
publication of those laws, they shall be made over to that diocese to which
they, while they were still Donatists,
belonged (de jure). But as many disputes have arisen and do arise among the
bishops from this cause, it is now
decided that if in any place a Donatist and a Catholic community have
existed side by side, and belonged to different
dioceses, both shall be made over to the diocese to which the Catholic
section belonged, whether the conversion of
the Donatists took place before or after the publication of those Imperial
decrees.”
Can. 10
“If the Donatist bishop has himself become Catholic, the two bishops (he
and the Catholic one) shall divide
equally between them the two communities now united, so that one portion of
the towns shall belong to one, and the
other to the other bishop. The bishop who has been longest in office shall
make the division, but the other shall have
the choice. If there is only one township of this description, then it shall
belong to whichever See is nearest to it; but if
there are two equally near, the people shall decide it by the majority of
votes. If the votes are equal, the elder bishop
has the preference. If, however, the towns to which both parties belonged
are of unequal number, so that they cannot
be equally divided, the remaining one shall be dealt with as was prescribed
above, in the preceding canon, with
regard to a single town.”
Can. 11
“If, after the publication of this edict, a bishop has brought back a
place to Catholic unity, and has held
undisputed jurisdiction over it for three years, it may not be taken away
from him. But if a Donatist bishop is
converted, no disadvantage shall accrue to him from this arrangement, but
for three years after his conversion he has
the right of demanding back those places which belonged to his See.”
Can. 12
“If a bishop seeks to get into his power a diocese to which he thinks he
has a claim, not through an episcopal
decision, but by other means, and is opposed by another, he thereby forfeits
his claim.”
Can. 13 “If
a bishop takes no pains to win over to Catholic unity those places which
belong to his jurisdiction, he shall
be exhorted to do so by the neighboring bishops. If he does not do so within
six months from this warning, they shall
belong to the bishop who wins them to the Church…In disputed cases,
arbiters shall be chosen by the primate or by
the parties themselves.”
Can. 14
“There can be no further appeal from judges who have been unanimously
elected.”
Can. 15
“If the bishop of a mother-diocese shows no zeal against the heretics, he
shall be warned by the neighboring
bishops; and if in six months from that time he does not bring back the
heretics, although those deputed to carry out
the Imperial decree of union have been in his province, he shall be deprived
of communion until he does so.”
Can. 16
“If, however, he falsely asserts that he has brought back the heretics
into communion, when this is not true,
he forfeits his See.”
Can. 17
“If priests, deacons, and inferior clerics complain of a sentence of their
own bishop, they shall, with the
consent of their bishop, have recourse to the neighboring bishops, who shall
settle the dispute. If they desire to make
a further appeal, it must only be to their primates or to African Councils.
But whoever appeals to a court on the other
side of the sea (Rome), may not again be received into communion by any one
in Africa.”
Can. 18
“If a virgin is in danger of losing her virginity, because a great man
demands her in marriage, or some one
desires to violate her, or because she fears to die before receiving the
veil, and the bishop, at the desire of her
parents, gives her the veil before she has reached the age of twenty-five,
the synodal decision with regard to this age
shall not hinder him.”
Can. 19
“In order that all the bishops present at the Council should not be
detained too long, it was decided that the
General Council should make choice of three persons invested with full
powers from each province. From the
province of Carthage were chosen Vincent, Fortunatian, and Clarus; from
Numidia, Alypius, Augustine, and
Restitutus; from the Byzacene province, besides the saintly old man, the
Primate Donatian, the Bishops Cresconius,
Jocundus, and Aemilianus; from Mauretania Sitifensis, Severian, Asiaticus,
and Donatus; from the province of Tripoli,
as usual only one, Plautius. These, with the senex, namely, the
Primate Aurelius, shall decide everything. The Synod
also prayed that Aurelius would sign all the documents to be published.”