4th Sunday of Advent, Cycle C
1st Reading: Micah 5:2-5a (NAB - Micah 5:1-4a)
The Messiah, the saviour who will be born in Bethlehem
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[2] But you, O Bethlehem Ephrathah,
who are little to be among the clans of Judah,
from you shall come forth for me
one who is to be ruler in Israel,
whose origin is from of old,
from ancient days.
[3] Therefore he shall give them up until the time
when she who is in travail has brought forth;
then the rest of his brethren shall return
to the people of Israel.
[4] And he shall stand and feed his flock in the strength of the Lord,
in the majesty of the name of the Lord his God.
And they shall dwell secure, for now he shall be great
to the ends of the earth.
Assyria repulsed
------------------------
[5] And this shall be peace,
when the Assyrian comes into our land
and treads upon our soil.
*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:
5:2-4. The scenario, darkened for a moment in the previous three verses (4:9-
5:1), becomes bright again with the announcement of a "ruler" or governor in
Israel, who will be born ("come forth from"0 Bethlehem, the city of David, a city
in the region of "Ephrath" (Gen 35:16). The region is often distinguished from
its leading city (cf. 1 Sam 17:12), but in some passages the region and the city
are treated as one and the same (Gen 35:19).
There are many contrasts here, a typical feature of salvation oracles: the future
king will have humble origins, for he will be born in a small town ("you … who are
little" in v. 2 could also be translated as "you … who are least"); still, Bethlehem
is not without honour, for it was the birthplace of David and is therefore the place
that guaranteed one's belonging to the line of David; this ruler comes from an an-
cient line, but to perceive his presence one must wait until "she who is in travail
has brought forth" (v. 3); all he will do is tend his flock, yet the benefits of his rule
will extend to the ends of the earth (v. 4). No contemporary king could match this
description; the prophet is referring to the future Messiah-king. There are many
elements in this passage that link it to the messianic passages in Isaiah (Is 7:
14; 9:5-6; 11:1-4) and to passages about the future offspring of David (2 Sam 7:
12-16; Ps 89:3).
Jewish tradition read this passage as a messianic prophecy, as can be seen
from passages in the Talmud (Pesahim, 51, 1 and Nedarim, 39, 2). The New
Testament contains clear references to it: for example, the verses in the Gospel
of St John that report the opinion of Jesus' contemporaries as to where the Mes-
siah would come from: "Is the Christ to come from Galilee? Has not the scripture
said that the Christ is descended from David, and comes from Bethlehem, the
village where David was? (Jn 7:40-42); but Matthew 2:4-6 is the main text that
applies the prophecy to Jesus: the evangelist subtly ennobles the city of David
(he says: "And you, O Bethlehem, in the land of Judah are by no means least
among the rulers of Judah", instead of Micah's "who are little" or "least" -- in or-
der to enhance the figure of Jesus, the Messiah).
Going along with this interpretation in St Matthew, Christian tradition has seen
the Micah passage as an announcement of Jesus' birth in Bethlehem. The Fa-
thers developed many arguments to try to convince Jews that Jesus was the
expected Messiah. For example, Tertullian wrote: "Since the children of Israel
accuse us of grave error because we believe in Christ, who has come, let us
show them from the Scriptures that the Christ who was foretold has come […].
He was born in Bethlehem in Judah, as the prophet foretold: But you, O Bethle-
hem, are by no means least . . . (v. 2)" (Adversus Iudaeos, 13). And St Irenaeus
said: "In his day, the prophet Micah told us of the place where the Christ would
be born: Bethlehem, in Judah. O Bethlehem . . . , who are little to be among the
clans of Judah, from you shall come forth from me one who is to be ruler of Israel.
Bethlehem is also in the homeland of David, and Christ comes from the line of
David, not only because he was born of the Virgin, but because he was born in
Bethlehem" (Demonstratio praedicationis apostolicae, 63).
5:5-6. "This [the Messiah who will be born in Bethlehem] shall be peace" (v. 5).
In the same way as "Egypt" was synonymous with "bondage", now Assyria has
come to symbolize the oppressive nation. This oracle, then, comes prior to the
appearance of Babylon on the horizon of the chosen people. A Christian reading
of the passage sees in it a description of any crisis experienced by the people
of God or by a sincere believer, who looks to his Lord for peace. Ephesians 2:
13-14 echoes 5:4: "But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been
brought near in the blood of Christ. For he is our peace, who has made us both
one, and has broken down the dividing wall of hostility."
2nd Reading: Hebrews 10:5-10
Christ's Offering of Himself Has Infinite Value
----------------------------------------------------------------
[5] Consequently, when Christ came into the world, He said,
"Sacrifices and offerings Thou hast not desired,
but a body hast Thou prepared for Me;
[6] in burnt offerings and sin offerings Thou hast taken no pleasure.
[7] Then I said, 'Lo, I have come to do Thy will, O God,'
as it is written of Me in the roll of the book."
[8] When He said above, "Thou hast neither desired nor taken pleasure
in sacrifices and offerings and burnt offerings and sin offerings" (these are offered
according to the law), [9] then He added, "Lo, I have come to do Thy will." He
abolishes the first in order to establish the second. [10] And by that will we have
been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.
*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:
5-10. This passage carries a quotation from Psalm 40:7-8, but one taken from
the Greek translation, the Septuagint, not from the Hebrew. Where the Hebrew
says, "Thou hast opened My ears", the Greek reads, "a body Thou hast prepared
for Me". The difference is not substantial, because the Hebrew expression points
to the docility and obedience of the speaker, who is the Messiah Himself. The
Greek translation gives the sentence a more general meaning: God has not only
opened the ears of the Messiah; He has given Him life as a man (cf. Philippians
2:7). The words of this Psalm "allow us as it were to sound the unfathomable
depths of this self-abasement of the Word, His humiliation of Himself for love of
men even to death on the Cross [...]. Why this obedience, this self-abasement,
this suffering? The Creed gives us the answer: 'for us men and for our salvation'
Jesus came down from Heaven so as to give man full entitlement to ascend (to
Heaven) and by becoming a son in the Son to regain the dignity he lost through
sin [...]. Let us welcome Him. Let us say to Him, 'Here I am; I have come to
do Your will'" ([Pope] John Paul II, "General Audience", 25 March 1981).
The author of the letter, elaborating on the text of the psalm, asserts that the
Messiah's sacrifice is greater than the sacrifices of the Old Law, unbloody as
well as bloody, sin-offerings as well as burnt offerings as they were called in the
liturgy (cf. Leviticus 5;6; 7:27). The sacrifice of Christ, who has "come into the
world", has replaced both kinds of ancient sacrifice. It consisted in perfectly
doing the will of His Father (cf. John 4:34; 6:38; 8:29; 14:31), even though He
was required to give His life to the point of dying on Calvary (Matthew 26:42;
John 10:18; Hebrews 5:7-9). Christ "came into the world" to offer Himself up to
suffering and death for the redemption of the world. "He knew that all the sacri-
fices of goats and bulls offered to God in ancient times were incapable of making
satisfaction for the sins of men; He knew that a divine person was needed to do
that [...]. My Father (Jesus Christ said), all the victims offered You up to this are
not enough and never will be enough to satisfy Your justice; You gave Me a body
capable of experiencing suffering, so that You might be placated by the shedding
of My blood, and men thereby saved; 'ecce venio, here I am, ready'; I accept
everything and in all things do I submit to Your will. The lower part of His human
nature naturally felt repugnance and reacted against living and dying in so much
pain and opprobium, but its rational part, which was fully subject to the Father's
will, had the upper hand; it accepted everything, and therefore Jesus Christ began
to suffer, from that point onwards, all the anguish and pain which He would under-
go in the course of His life. That is how our Divine Redeemer acted from the very
first moments of His coming into the world. So, how should we behave towards
Jesus when, come to the use of reason, we begin to know the sacred mysteries
of Redemption through the light of faith?" (St. Alphonsus, "Advent Meditations",
II, 5).
The Psalm speaks of "the roll of the book": this may refer to a specific book or
else to the Old Testament in general (cf. Luke 24:27; John 5;39, 46, 47).
Gospel Reading: Luke 1:39-45
The Visitation
---------------------
[39] In those days Mary arose and went with haste into the hill country, to a city
of Judah, [40] and she entered the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth.
[41] And when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb;
and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit [42] and she exclaimed with a loud
cry, "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb! [43]
And why is this granted me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? [44]
For behold, when the voice of your greeting came to my ears, the babe in my
womb leaped for joy. [45] And blessed is she who believed that there would be a
fulfillment of what was spoken to her from the Lord."
*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:
39-56. We contemplate this episode of our Lady's visit to her cousin St. Elizabeth
in the Second Joyful Mystery of the Rosary: "Joyfully keep Joseph and Mary com-
pany...and you will hear the traditions of the House of David.... We walk in haste
towards the mountains, to a town of the tribe of Judah (Luke 1:39).
"We arrive. It is the house where John the Baptist is to be born. Elizabeth grate-
fully hails the Mother of her Redeemer: Blessed are you among women, and
blessed is the fruit of your womb. Why should I be honored with a visit from the
mother of my Lord? (Luke 1:42-43).
"The unborn Baptist quivers...(Luke 1:41). Mary's humility pours forth in the "Mag-
nificat".... And you and I, who are proud--who were proud -- promise to be humble"
(St. J. Escriva, "Holy Rosary").
39. On learning from the angel that her cousin St. Elizabeth is soon to give birth
and is in need of support, our Lady in her charity hastens to her aid. She has no
regard for the difficulties this involves. Although we do not know where exactly
Elizabeth was living (it is now thought to be Ain Karim), it certainly meant a jour-
ney into the hill country which at that time would have taken four days.
From Mary's visit to Elizabeth Christians should learn to be caring people. "If we
have this filial contact with Mary, we won't be able to think just about ourselves
and our problems. Selfish personal problems will find no place in our mind" (St.
J. Escriva, "Christ Is Passing By," 145).
42. St. Bede comments that Elizabeth blesses Mary using the same words as
the archangel "to show that she should be honored by angels and by men and
why she should indeed be revered above all other women" ("In Lucae Evangelium
Expositio, in loc.").
When we say the "Hail Mary" we repeat these divine greetings, "rejoicing with
Mary at her dignity as Mother of God and praising the Lord, thanking Him for ha-
ving given us Jesus Christ through Mary" ("St. Pius X Catechism", 333).
43. Elizabeth is moved by the Holy Spirit to call Mary "the mother of my Lord",
thereby showing that Mary is the Mother of God.
44. Although he was conceived in sin--original sin--like other men, St. John the
Baptist was born sinless because he was sanctified in his mother's womb by the
presence of Jesus Christ (then in Mary's womb) and of the Blessed Virgin. On
receiving this grace of God St. John rejoices by leaping with joy in his mother's
womb -- thereby fulfilling the archangel's prophecy (cf. Luke 1:15).
St. John Chrysostom comments on this scene of the Gospel: "See how new and
how wonderful this mystery is. He has not yet left the womb but he speaks by
leaping; he is not yet allowed to cry out but he makes himself heard by his ac-
tions [...]; he has not yet seen the light but he points out the Sun; he has not yet
been born and he is keen to act as Precursor. The Lord is present, so he cannot
contain himself or wait for nature to run its course: he wants to break out of the
prison of his mother's womb and he makes sure he witnesses to the fact that the
Savior is about to come" ("Sermo Apud Metaphr., Mense Julio").
45. Joining the chorus of all future generations, Elizabeth, moved by the Holy
Spirit, declares the Lord's Mother to be blessed and praises her faith. No one
ever had faith to compare with Mary's; she is the model of the attitude a creature
should have towards its Creator -- complete submission, total attachment.Through
her faith, Mary is the instrument chosen by God to bring about the Redemption;
as Mediatrix of all graces, she is associated with the redemptive work of her Son:
"This union of the Mother with the Son in the work of salvation is made manifest
from the time of Christ's virginal conception up to His death; first when Mary, ari-
sing in haste to go to visit Elizabeth, is greeted by her as blessed because of
her belief in the promise of salvation and the Precursor leaps with joy in the womb
of his mother [...]. The Blessed Virgin advanced in her pilgrimage of faith and faith-
fully persevered in her union with her Son unto the cross, where she stood (cf.
John 19:25), in keeping with the Divine Plan, enduring with her only-begotten Son
the intensity of His suffering, associating herself with His sacrifice in her mother's
heart, and lovingly consenting to the immolation of this Victim which was born of
her" (Vatican II, "Lumen Gentium", 57f).
The new Latin text gives a literal rendering of the original Greek when it says
"quae credidit" (RSV "she who has believed") as opposed to the Vulgate "quae
credidisti" ("you who have believed") which gave more of the sense than a literal
rendering.
*********************************************************************************************
Source: "The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries". Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States. We encourage readers to purchase
The Navarre Bible for personal study. See Scepter Publishers for details.
[참고: 이 파일은 저서명 "가톨릭 교회의 말씀 전례에 따른 성경공부 해설서"(엮은이: 소순태, 출판사: 가톨릭출판사)의 각주의 연장으로 마련되었습니다].