나바르 매일미사 독서/묵상

Monday after Epiphany

1st Reading: 1 John 3:22-4:6

We are Children of God (Continuation)
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[22] And we receive from him whatever we ask, because we keep his command-
ments and do what pleases him. [23] And this is his commandment, that we
should believe in the name of his Son Jesus Christ and love one another, just as
he has commanded us. [24] All who keep his commandments abide in him, and
he in them. And by this we know that he abides in us, by the Spirit which he has
given us.

Faith in Christ, Not Antichrist
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[1] Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they
are of God; for many false prophets have gone out into the world. [2] By this you
know the Spirit of God: every spirit which confesses that Jesus Christ has come
in the flesh is of God, [3] and every spirit which does not confess Jesus is not of
God. This is the spirit of anti-christ, of which you heard that it was coming, and
now it is in the world already. [4] Little children, you are of God, and have over-
come them; for he who is in you is greater than he who is in the world. [5] They
are of the world, therefore what they say is of the world, and the world listens to
them. [6] We are of God. Whoever knows God listens to us, and he who is not
of God does not listen to us. By this we know the spirit of truth and the spirit of
error.

*********************************************************************************** Commentary:

1-24. This entire chapter shows how moved the Apostle is when he contem-
plates the marvelous gift of divine filiation. The Holy Spirit, who is the author of
all Sacred Scripture, has desired John to pass on to us this unique revelation:
we are children of God (v. 1).

It is not easy to divide the chapter into sections, because the style is very cyclic
and colloquial and includes many repetitions and further thoughts which make for
great vividness and freshness. However, we can distinguish an opening procla-
mation of the central message (vv. 1-2) and emphasis on two requirements of
divine filiation--rejection of sin in any shape or form (vv. 3-10), and brotherly love
lived to the full (vv. 11-24).

19-22. The Apostle reassures us: God knows everything; not only does he know
our sins and our frailties, he also knows our repentance and our good desires,
and he understands and forgives us (St Peter, on the Lake of Tiberias, made the
same confession to Jesus: "Lord, you know everything, you know that I love you":
Jn 21:17).

St John's teaching on divine mercy is very clear: if our conscience tells us we
have done wrong, we can seek forgiveness and strengthen our hope in God; if
our conscience does not accuse us, our confidence in God is ardent and bold,
like that of a child who has loving experience of his Father's tenderness. The love
of God is mightier than our sins, Pope John Paul II reminds us: "When we realize
that God's love for us does not cease in the face of our sin or recoil before our of-
fenses, but becomes even more attentive and generous; when we realize that this
love went so far as to cause the Passion and Death of the Word made flesh who
consented to redeem us at the price of his own blood, then we exclaim in grati-
tude: 'Yes, the Lord is rich in mercy', and even: 'The Lord is mercy"' ("Reconcilia-
tio Et Paenitentia", 22).

This confidence in God makes for confidence in prayer: "If you abide in me, and
my words abide in you, ask whatever you will, and it shall be done for you" (Jn
15:7; cf. 14:13f; 16:23, 26-27).

23-24. The commandments of God are summed up here in terms of love for Jesus
and love for the brethren. "We cannot rightly love one another unless we believe in
Christ; nor can we truly believe in the name of Jesus Christ without brotherly love"
(St Bede, "In I Epist. S. Ioannis, ad loc."). Faith and love cannot be separated (cf.
Gal 5:6); our Lord himself told us what would mark his disciples out--their love for
one another (Jn 13:34-35).

Keeping the commandments confirms to the Christian that he is abiding in God:
"If you keep my commandments, you will abide in my love" (Jn 15:10). Moreover,
it ensures that God abides in his soul, by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit: "If you
love me you will keep my commandments. And I will pray the Father, and he will
give you another Counselor, to be with you for ever" (Jn 14:15-16).

"May God be your house and you God's; dwell in God that God may dwell in you.
God dwells in you to support you; you dwell in God in order not to fall. Keep the
commandments, have charity" ("In I Epist. S. loannis, ad loc.").

1-6. In the third part of the letter (4:1-5:12), the sacred writer expands further on
the two things which sum up God's commandments (3:23)--faith in Jesus (4:1-6;
5:1-12) and brotherly love (4:7-21).

He begins by giving criteria for recognizing the true spirit of God and for identi-
fying false teachers (4:1-6), clearly echoing what he said in the second chapter
(cf. 2:18-29). There the heretics were called "antichrists", here "false prophets".
There he underlined the indwelling of the Blessed Trinity in believers ("you will
abide in the Son and in the Father": 2:24), the anointing "abides in you" (2:27);
here he emphasizes rather the fact of belonging to God or not. This idea is
developed in three points: 1) he who confesses Jesus Christ "is of God"; 2) he
who does not confess him "is not of God" (vv. 2-3); you "are of God", they "are
of the world" (vv. 4-5); 3) we (he must surely mean the Apostles) "are of God",
and therefore apostolic teaching merits attention and must be listened to (v. 6).

"Being of God", in St John's language, does not refer to originating from God, be-
cause in fact everyone, good and bad, faithful or not, comes from God. It means,
rather, belonging to a group ("to my sheep": Jn 10:26) and it also means a mode
of existence: "he who is from the earth ..of the earth speaks" (Jn 3:31); "you are
from below, I am from above" (Jn 8:23); "Everyone who is of the truth hears my
voice" (Jn 18:37). Faith, therefore, is not a superficial thing, something that affects
us on the outside only: it actually changes a person's inner life; belonging to the
community of the children of God involves anew way of being, which can be seen
from the fact that we live in accordance with the faith we profess.

2-3. "Every spirit which confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh ...":
according to this translation (which fits certain Greek manuscripts) the Apostle
would be emphasizing the fact that the Incarnation really happened, as if the
false prophets opposed to the faith were saying that Christ's human nature was
not real but only apparent (that was the position of the Docetists).

In the context, the alternate reading--"every spirit which confesses Jesus Christ
come in the flesh"--may fit in better, since St John often insists that the Chris-
tian's faith centers on the person of Jesus Christ, who, being God, became man
(cf. 2:22; 4:15; 5:1-5). By emphasizing this he is taking issue with the Gnostics
particularly, who were saying that Jesus was the Son of God only from his
Baptism onwards (cf. note on 1 Jn 5:6).

On the antichrist, see the note on 2:18.

4. St John repeats his conviction that Christians are assured of victory in their
battle against the evil one (cf. 2:13; 5:4, 18). But what makes them victorious is
the power of Christ working in them; so, while bolstering their faith he is also cal-
ling on them to be humble: "Do not become proud; recognize who has conquered
in you. Why did you win? 'Because he who is in you is more powerful than he
who is in the world.'Be humble; carry your Lord; be a little donkey for your rider.
It is in your best interest to have him guide and direct you; because if you do not
have him as your rider, you will be inclined to toss your head and kick out; but
woe to you if you have no guide! That freedom would mean your ending up as
prey for wild beasts" (St Augustine, "In Epist. Ioann. ad Parthos", 7, 2).

6. "Whoever knows God listens to us": as elsewhere in the letter, there is a
change from "you" to "we" (cf. 2:18, 28; 3:13-14). One could argue that the Apos-
tle is simply including himself in the Christian community as a whole, as if to say
"Whoever knows God listens to the Christians." However, the obvious interpreta-
tion is that the "us" refers to those in authority in the Church, bringing it perfectly
into line with what Jesus says: "He who hears you hears me" (Lk 10:16). Obedi-
ence to the living Magisterium of the Church is, therefore, the rule for distingui-
shing the spirit of truth from the spirit of error. It could not be otherwise, for it is
the Holy Spirit himself who guides the Church in its teaching and leads the faith-
ful to accept that teaching: "the assent of the Church can never be lacking to
such definitions [of the Supreme Magisterium] on account of the same Holy
Spirit's influence, through which Christ's whol.e flock is maintained in the unity
of the faith and makes progress in it" (Vatican II, "Lumen Gentium", 25).
**********

Gospel Reading: Matthew 4:12-17; 23-25

Preaching in Galilee. The First Disciples are Called
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[12] Now when he heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew into Galilee;
[13] and leaving Nazareth he went and dwelt in Capernaum by the sea, in the ter-
ritory of Zebulun and Naphtali, [14] that what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah
might be fulfilled: [15] "The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, toward the
sea, across the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles--[16] the people who sat in dark-
ness have seen a great light, and for those who sat in the region and shadow of
death light has dawned." [17] From that time Jesus began to preach, saying,
"Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."

[23] And he went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues and preaching
the gospel of the kingdom and healing every disease and every infirmity among
the people. [24] So his fame spread throughout all Syria, and they brought him
all the sick, those afflicted with various diseases and pains, demoniacs, epilep-
tics, and paralytics, and he healed them. [25] And great crowds followed him
from Galilee and the Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judea and from beyond the
Jordan.

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Commentary:

15-16. Here St Matthew quotes the prophecy of Isaiah 8:23 - 9:1. The territory
referred to (Zebulun, Naphtali, the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan),
was invaded by the Assyrians in the period 734-721 B.C., especially during the
reign of Tilgathpilneser III. A portion of the Jewish population was deported and
sizeable numbers of foreigners were planted in the region to colonize it. For this
reason it is referred to in the Bible henceforward as the "Galilee of the Gentiles".

The evangelist, inspired by God, sees Jesus' coming to Galilee as the fulfillment
of Isaiah's prophecy. This land, devastated and abused in Isaiah's time, will be
the first to receive the light of Christ's life and preaching. The messianic meaning
of the prophecy is, therefore, clear.

17. See the note on Mt 3:4. This verse indicates the outstanding importance of
the first step in Jesus' public ministry, begun by proclaiming the imminence of
the Kingdom of God. Jesus' words echo John the Baptist's proclamation: the se-
cond part of this verse is the same, word for word, as Matthew 3:2. This under-
lines the role played by St John the Baptist as prophet and precursor of Jesus.
Both St John and our Lord demand repentance, penance, as a prerequisite to
receiving the Kingdom of God, now beginning. God's rule over mankind is a main
theme in Christ's Revelation, just as it was central to the whole Old Testament.
However, in the latter, the Kingdom of God had an element of theocracy about it:
God reigned over Israel in both spiritual and temporal affairs and it was through
him that Israel subjected other nations to her rule. Little by little, Jesus will un-
fold the new-style Kingdom of God, now arrived at its fullness. He will show it to
be a Kingdom of love and holiness, thereby purifying it of the nationalistic mis-
conceptions of the people of his time.

17. 마태오 복음서 3:4에 대한 주해를 보십시오. 이 절은, 하느님 나라가 가까이
왔음을 선포함으로써 시작된, 예수님의 공적 사목에 있어 눈에 띄는 첫 단계의
중요성을 나타냅니다. 예수님의 말씀들은 세례자 요한의 선포를 반향하고 있으며,
그리고 이 절의 두 번째 부분은, 글자 그대로, 마태오 복음서 3:2와 꼭 같습니다.
이것이 예수님에 대한 예언자로서 그리고 예수님의 선구자로서 세례자 성 요한에
의하여 행하여진 역할의 근저가 됩니다. 성 요한 그리고 우리의 주님 두 분 다,
이제 시작되는, 하느님의 나라를 받아 들이기 위한 선행 조건으로서, 회개, 참회를
요구합니다. 인류에 대한 하느님의 통치는, 이 통치가 구약 성경 전체에 있어
중심이었던 것과 마찬가지로, 그리스도의 계시에 있어 주된 주제입니다. 그러나
후자(즉 구약 성경의 경우)에 있어, 하느님 나라는 다음과 같이 이 세상에 관한
신정정치(theocracy)의 요소를 가지고 있었습니다: 하느님께서는 영적이고 세속적인
일들 둘 다에 있어 이스라엘을 통치하셨으며 그리고 이스라엘이 다른 민족들을
이스라엘의 지배 하에 복종시켰던 것도 바로 하느님을 통하여서였습니다.
점차적으로, 예수님께서는, 그 충만함에 도달하게 되는, 새로운 유형의 하느님
나라를 펼치실 것입니다. 당신께서는 이 나라가 사랑과 거룩함으로 이루어진
나라임을 보이실 것인데, 그 결과 당신의 시기의 사람들의 민족주의적 그릇된
생각들을 이 나라로부터 제거하실 것입니다.

The King invites everyone without exception to this Kingdom (cf. Mt 22:1-14).
The Banquet of the Kingdom is held on this earth and has certain entry require-
ments which must be preached by the proponents of the Kingdom: "Therefore
the eucharistic celebration is the center of the assembly of the faithful over
which the priest presides. Hence priests teach the faithful to offer the divine Vic-
tim to God the Father in the sacrifice of the Mass, and with the Victim to make
an offering of their whole lives. In the spirit of Christ the pastor, they instruct
them to submit their sins to the Church with a contrite heart in the sacrament
of Penance, so that they may be daily more and more converted to the Lord,
remembering his words: 'Repent, for the Kingdom of heaven is at hand"' (Vati-
can II, "Presbyterorum Ordinis", 5).

임금님께서는 예외 없이 모든 이를 이 나라에 초대하십니다(cf. 마태오 복음서 22,1-4).
이 나라라는 연회는 이 지상에서 열리며 그리고 이 나라의 지지자들에 의하여
설교되어야만 하는 다음과 같은 어떤 입장 조건들을 가지고 있습니다: "따라서
성찬례는 사제가 주관하는 열심 신자들로 이루어진 회중의 중심입니다. 그러므로
사제들은 열심 신자들에게 미사의 희생 제사에서 이 거룩하신 제물을 성부이신
하느님께 봉헌할 것을 가르치며, 그리고 이 거룩하신 제물과 함께 자신들의 삶들
전부를 봉헌할 것을 가르칩니다. 사목자이신 그리스도의 정신으로, 사제들은
그들에게 죄를 깊이 뉘우치는 마음과 함께 고해성사에서 자신들의 죄들을 교회에
양도할 것을 가르치는데, 그 결과로 그들은 다음과 같은 당신의 말씀을 기억하면서,
날마다 더욱 더 주님께 다가가게 될 것입니다: '회개하여라. 하늘 나라가 가까이 왔다'
(마태오 복음서 4:17)." [제2차 바티칸 공의회(Vatican II), "Presbyterorum
Ordinis(사제의 생활과 교역에 관한 교령, 사제품)", 5].

23. "Synagogue": this word comes from the Greek and designates the building
where the Jews assembled for religious ceremonies on the sabbath and other
feast days. Such ceremonies were non-sacrificial in character (sacrifices could
be performed only in the temple of Jerusalem). The synagogue was also the
place where the Jews received their religious training. The word was also used
to designate local Jewish communities within and without Palestine.

24. "Epileptic" (or, in some translations, "lunatic"). This word was applied in a
very general way to those who had illnesses related to epilepsy. The disease
was popularly regarded as being dependent on the phases of the moon (Latin:
"luna").

23-25. In these few lines, the evangelist gives us a very fine summary of the va-
rious aspects of Jesus' work. The preaching of the gospel or "good news" of the
Kingdom, the healing of diseases, and the casting out of devils are all specific
signs of the Messiah's presence, according to Old Testament prophecies (Is
35:5-6; 61:1; 40:9; 52:7).

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Source: "The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries". Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.

Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States. We encourage readers to purchase
The Navarre Bible for personal study. See Scepter Publishers for details.