Tuesday

28th Week of Ordinary Time

(I) 1st Reading: Romans 1:16-25

The Theme of the Epistle
-------------------------------------
[16] For I am not ashamed of the gospel: it is the power of God for salvation
to every one who has faith, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. [17] For 
in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, 
"He who through faith is righteous shall live."

The Fault and Punishment of the Gentiles
-------------------------------------------------------------
[18] For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and
wickedness of men who by their wickedness suppress the truth. [19] For what
can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them.
[20] Ever since the creation of the world his invisible nature, namely, his eternal
power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made.
So they are without excuse; [21] for although they knew God they did not honor
him as God or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking and
their senseless minds were darkened. [22] Claiming to be wise, they became
fools, [23] and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling
mortal man or birds or animals or reptiles.

[24] Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the
dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, [25] because they exchanged the
truth about God for a lie and worshipped and served the creature rather than the
Creator, who is blessed for ever! Amen.

*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:

16. St Paul continues to speak about the "Gospel". The proclamation of the sa-
ving power of Christ's death on the Cross is a stumbling block to the Jews and
foolishness to the Gentiles, whereas a Christian is proud of the Cross and draws
strength from it. When writing to the Romans, the Apostle, who was quite fami-
liar with the noise of triumphal marches and the divinization of emperors, simply
says that "he is not ashamed; he does so to encourage them also not to be
ashamed but, rather, to boast as he did. If today someone approaches you and
asks you, 'But...do you adore a crucified man?', far from hanging your head and
blushing with confusion, use this reproach as an opportunity to boast and let
your eyes and your face show that you are not ashamed. If they come back and
ask you aloud, 'What, adore the crucified?', reply: 'Yes, I adore him [...]. I adore
and boast of a crucified God who, by his Cross, reduced the demons to silence
and did away with all superstition: for me his Cross is the ineffable trophy of his
benevolence and of his love"' (St John Chrysostom, "Hom. on Rom", 2).

16. ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î´Â "[ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ] º¹À½(the Gospel)"¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ½ÊÀÚ°¡ 
À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á×À½ÀÇ ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÇ ¼±Æ÷´Â À¯´ÙÀε鿡°Ô´Â °É¸²µ¹ÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ 
¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾î¸®¼®À½À̳ª
(1ÄÚ¸°Åä 1,23), ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ÀÌ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¸¦ 
ÀÚ¶ûÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç ÀÌ°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±»¼À(strength)À» ²ø¾î³À´Ï´Ù. ·Î¸¶Àε鿡°Ô ¼­½ÅÀ» 
ÀÛ¼ºÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ½Â¸®ÀÇ ÇàÁøµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Ã²ô·¯¿ò ¹× È²Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å°ÝÈ­(divinization)¿Í 
»ó´çÈ÷ Ä£¼÷ÇÑ ÀÌ »çµµ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù:
 "±×´Â ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â 
¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀÌ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×°¡ ÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ ÀÚ¶ûÇϵµ·Ï °Ý·ÁÇϱâ 
À§ÇÏ¿© ±×·¸°Ô ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¾à¿¡ ¿À´Ã ¾î¶² ÀÚ°¡ ±×´ë¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Í '±×·¯³ª... ½ÊÀÚ°¡Çü¿¡ 
óÇØÁø »ç¶÷À» Èì¼þÇմϱî(adore)?'¶ó°í Áú¹®Çϸé, ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö °í°³¸¦ ¶³¾î¶ß¸®°í 
±×¸®°í ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö ¾ó±¼À» ºÓÈú °ÍÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁúÃ¥À» ÀÚ¶ûÇÒ ±âȸ·Î 
»ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×´ë°¡ ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ±×´ëÀÇ ´«µé°ú ±×´ëÀÇ ¾ó±¼ÀÌ 
º¸¿©ÁÖµµ·Ï ÇϽʽÿÀ. ¸¸¾à¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ µÇµ¹¾Æ¿Í ±×´ë¿¡°Ô Å« ¼Ò¸®·Î '½ÊÀÚ°¡ Çü¹ú¿¡ 
óÇØÁø ÀÚ¸¦ Èì¼þÇÏ´Ù´Ï?'¶ó°í Áú¹®Çϸé, '±×·¸½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×¸¦ [...] Èì¼þÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 
³ª´Â ½ÊÀÚ°¡ Çü¿¡ óÇØÁö½Å ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» Èì¼þÇÏ¸ç ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¶ûÇϴµ¥, ±× ºÐ²²¼­´Â, 
´ç½ÅÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡ ¼ö³­À¸·Î½á, ¾Ç¸¶(the demons)µéÀ» ħ¹¬À¸·Î °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°¼ÌÀ¸¸ç
(reduced to) ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ¹Ì½ÅÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϼ̽À´Ï´Ù: Àú¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡´Â 
´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀÚºñ½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çü¾ðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Àü½Â ±â³äÇ°
(trophy)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù' ¶ó°í ´ë´äÇϽʽÿÀ." [¼º ¿äÇÑ Å©¸®¼Ò½ºÅä¸ð(St John Chrysostom), 
"Hom. on Rom", 2].

17. The expression "righteousness of God" refers to the state of righteousness
or justice (= justness) in which a person is placed when God gives him grace. It
is called the righteousness of God because man cannot attain it through his own
efforts: it is a free (gratuitous, hence "grace") gift of God. The fact that "righteous-
ness" comes from God does not mean that it is something external to man, for
righteousness does not mean merely that we are called "righteous" but that we
really are righteous in God's eyes. The Magisterium of the Church has given so-
lemn teaching on this matter in the context of explaining the various factors
which cause man's justification; "Finally", says the Council of Trent, "the only
formal cause is 'justice of God, not the justice by which he is himself just, but
the justice by which he makes us just' (St Augustine, "De Trinitate", XIV, 12,
15), namely, the justice which we have as a gift from him and by which we are
renewed in the spirit of our mind. And not only are we considered just, but we
are truly said to be just, and we are just" ("De Iustificatione", chap. 7).

17. "ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοò(righteousness of God)" À̶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀº, ÇÑ ÀΰÝ(a person)ÀÌ, 
ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀºÃÑÀ» ÁÖ½Ç ¶§¿¡, ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ°Ô µÇ´Â, ÀǷοò(righteousness) 
À̶ó´Â ȤÀº Á¤ÀÇ[justice (=justness, ¿Ã¹Ù¸§)]¶ó´Â »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 
ÀÌ »óÅ°¡ 
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοòÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀڽŠ°íÀ¯ÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀ» 
ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ »óŸ¦ ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù: ÀÌ »óÅ´ °ÅÀú ÁֽôÂ(free) [°øÂ¥·Î 
¾ò´Â(gratuitous), µû¶ó¼­ "ÀºÃÑ(grace)"ÀÎ] ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¼±¹°(gift of God)À̱⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 
±³È¸ÀÇ ±³µµ±ÇÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÈ­(man's justification)¸¦ ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀÎ
(factors)µéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹®¸Æ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌ Áú·á(matter)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» À̹̠
Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í
Æ®¸®¿£Æ® °øÀÇȸ(the Council of Trent)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù: 
"ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î, À¯ÀÏÇÑ Çü»óÀû ¿øÀÎ(the only formal cause)Àº '±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´ç½Å²²¼­ 
¸ö¼Ò ÀǷοÐÀ̽Š¹Ù·Î ±× ÀǷοòÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó(not the justice by which he is himself just), 
±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´ç½Å²²¼­ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ¸¸µå½Ã´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ÀǷοòÀÌ´Ù(but the justice by 
which he makes us just)' [¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼³ë(St Augustine, "De Trinitate", XIV, 12, 15)], 
Áï ´ç½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼±¹°·Î¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ °¡Áö´Â ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¿µ 
¾È¿¡¼­(in the spirit of our mind) ¿ì¸®°¡ »õ·Ó°Ô µÇ´Â(are renewed) ¹Ù·Î ±× ÀǷοò
(the justice) ÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð(And) ¿ì¸®´Â ´ÜÁö ÀÇ·Ó´Ù°í(just) °£ÁֵǴ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®´Â 
ÀÇ·Ó´Ù°í Áø½Ç·Î(truely) ¸»ÇØÁö¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÇ·Ó´Ù" ["ÀÇÈ­(De Iustificatione)", chap. 7].


"Through faith for faith": Sacred Scripture tends to use this kind of phrase to in-
dicate on-going growth in something that is living (cf. Ps 84:8; 2 Cor 2:16; 3:18;
Rom 6:19). What is being spoken about here is a steady progression from the
imperfect understanding of divine truths possible in this life to the perfect under-
standing that is experienced in heaven. The full meaning of the phrase can be
seen from St Paul's statement that in the Gospel justice is made manifest: it
begins and is nourished and grows through faith, until the believer at last attains
eternal salvation.

"¹ÏÀ½¿¡¼­ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î": ¼º°æÀº »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² °Í ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±â 
À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ Ç¥Çö(phrase)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù(tends to)
(½ÃÆí 84,8; 
2ÄÚ¸°Åä 2,16; 3,18; ·Î¸¶ 6,19¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó). ¿©±â¼­ ¸»ÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÇ 
»î¿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÑ ½Å¼ºÀû Áø¸®(divine truths)µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ºÒ¿Ï¹ÌÇÑ(imperfect) ÀÌÇطκÎÅÍ Çϴÿ¡¼­
(in heaven) °æÇèÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â
¿Ï¹ÌÇÑ(perfect) ÀÌÇØ·ÎÀÇ È®°íÇÑ ÁøÇà(a steady progression)À» 
¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àǹ̴ [ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ] º¹À½(the Gospel) ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀǷοò(justice)ÀÌ 
µå·¯³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î(St. Paul)ÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù:
 
ÀÌ ÀǷοòÀº, ¹Ï´Â ÀÚ(the believer)°¡ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µ¿øÇÑ ±¸¿øÀ» ¾òÀ» ¶§±îÁö, ¹ÏÀ½À» 
ÅëÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¾çºÐÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸ç ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¶ø´Ï´Ù. 

The statement that "he who through faith is righteous shall live" comes from Hab
2:4; St Paul here applies it to the position of the Christian. What the prophet
meant was that those Jews who kept the Law and trusted in its promises would
not succumb when the Babylonians invaded. St Paul applies the test to the righ-
teous of the New Testament: if they stay firm in their faith in the Gospel, they will
continue in the life of grace and will attain everlasting beatitude. The faith of good
Israelites was a prefiguring of the faith of good Christians. The just man will live
by faith, which "faith is the beginning of man's salvation, the foundation and
source of all justification, 'without which it is impossible to please God' (cf. Heb
11:6) and to be counted as his sons" (Council of Trent, "De Iustificatione", chap.
8).

"ÀǷοî ÀÌ´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î »ì °ÍÀÌ´Ù" ¶ó´Â Áø¼úÀº ÇϹÙÄî¼­ 2,4·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡Çϸç, ±×¸®°í 
¼º ¹Ù·Î¿À´Â ¿©±â¼­ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ°¡ ¶æÇÏ¿´´ø 
¹Ù´Â À²¹ý(the Law)À» ÁöÄ×À¸¸ç ±×¸®°í ±× ¾à¼Óµé¿¡ ½Å·ÚÇÏ¿´´ø À¯´ÙÀεéÀÌ ¹Ùºô·Ð 
ÀÎ(the Babylonians)µéÀÌ Ä§°øÇÏ¿´À» ¶§¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö(succumb) ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â 
°ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î´Â ÀÌ ½ÃÇèÀ» ½Å¾à ¼º°æÀÇ ÀǷοî Àڵ鿡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ 
Àû¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù:
±×µéÀÌ [ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ] º¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ±»°ÇÈ÷ ¸Ó¹«¸¥´Ù¸é, 
±×µéÀº ÀºÃÑÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®°í ¿µ±¸È÷ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â Áöº¹Á÷°ü
(everlasting beatitude, Âü Çູ)À» ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÂøÇÑ À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÀÚ¼Õ[good Israelites)
µéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½(faith)Àº ÂøÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¹Ì¸® ³ªÅ¸³¿(a prefiguringÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 
ÀÇ·Î¿î »ç¶÷Àº ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î »ì °ÍÀε¥, ±×¸®°í
"¹ÏÀ½Àº, 'ÀÌ°Í ¾øÀÌ´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô 
Çص帮´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´É Çϸç(È÷ºê¸® 11,6À» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó)' ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé·Î °£ÁֵǴ 
°ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±¸¿øÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÎ ¸ðµç ÀÇÈ­(all justification)ÀÇ ±âÃÊÀÌ¸ç ¿øõÀÔ´Ï´Ù." 
[Æ®¸®¿£Æ® °øÀÇȸ(Council of Trent), "ÀÇÈ­(De Iustificatione)", chap. 8].


St Paul's statement can also be understood as meaning that he who through
faith is just will live. This puts the emphasis on the fact that faith is the beginning
of the process of justification, and that a person who is justified will attain salva-
tion.

¼º ¹Ù¿À·ÎÀÇ Áø¼úÀº ¹ÏÀ½À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀǷοî ÀÚ´Â »ì °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù(he who through faith is 
just will live, NAB ·Î¸¶ 1,17À» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó)¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÇØ´Â ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ÀÇÈ­ °úÁ¤(the process of justification)ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» 
°­Á¶Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ÀÇ·Ó°Ô µÈ ÀÚ´Â ÀåÂ÷ ±¸¿øÀ» ¾òÀ» °Í(will attain)À̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» 
°­Á¶ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


18-32. The Apostle is saying that the righteousness of God (= justness) can only
come about through faith in Jesus Christ--and that neither Jews nor Gentiles pos-
sess this righteousness. He develops this point up as far as 3:20.

18-32. ÀÌ »çµµ´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοò[= ¿Ã¹Ù¸§(justness)]ÀÌ ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» 
ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀϾ(come about)À» ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í À¯´ÙÀεé ȤÀº À̹æÀÎµé ´©±¸µµ 
ÀÌ ÀǷοòÀ» [¼ÒÀ¯¹°·Î¼­] °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡À» ¸Ö¸®
 
3,20¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¹ßÀü½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù.


In the present passage he describes two stages in the position of the Gentiles.
In the first (vv. 18-23) he points out their blameworthiness, and then in the second
he goes on (vv. 24-32) to speak about the punishment of their sins. Justice as the
righteousness of God refers to God's action of saving sinful man by pouring his
grace into him; God's "wrath" is the punishment which the Almighty inflicts on him
who persists in sin. For, as St Thomas says, "Anger and the like are ascribed to
God by an analogy drawn from their effects. Because it is characteristic of anger
that it stimulates men to requite wrong, divine retribution is analogically termed
anger" ("Summa Theologiae", I, q. 3, a. 2 ad 2).

Áö±ÝÀÇ ±¸Àý¿¡¼­ ±×´Â À̹æÀεéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ À־ÀÇ µÎ ´Ü°èµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ù ¹ø° 
´Ü°è
(Á¦18-23Àý)¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ±×µéÀÌ ºñ³­ ¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÁöÀûÇϸç, ±×·¯°í ³ª¼­ 
µÎ ¹ø° ´Ü°è¿¡¼­
(Á¦24-32Àý) ±×´Â ±×µéÀÇ Á˵鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¹ú¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» 
°è¼ÓÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοòÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ(justice)´Â  ÁË°¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷À», ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀ» 
±× ¾È¿¡ ½ñ¾Æ ³ÖÀ½À¸·Î½á, ±¸ÇϽô ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¸»Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ "Áø³ë
(wrath)"´Â ÁË¿¡ ÁýÂøÇÏ´Â(persists in) ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü´ÉÇϽŠºÐ(the Almighty)²²¼­ 
°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹úÀ» ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â,
¼º Å丶½º(St. Thomas)°¡ ¸»ÇϵíÀÌ, "ºÐ³ë¿Í ±× ¹ÛÀÇ °°Àº 
°ÍµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ °á°úµé·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÃâµÇ´Â À¯ºñ(analogy)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇÏ´À´Ô²²·Î µ¹·ÁÁö±â
(are ascribed) ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, À߸ø¿¡ º¸º¹Çϵµ·Ï »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î 
ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ½Å¼ºÀû ÀÀº¸(divine retribution)´Â À¯ºñÀûÀ¸·Î À̸§ Áö¾îÁø 
ºÐ³ë¸¦ ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù" ["½ÅÇÐ ´ëÀü(Summa Theologiae)", I, q. 3, a. 2 ad 2].


There is a connection between faith and righteousness, on the one hand, and sin
and God's wrath, on the other. This Pauline teaching ties in with the last thing St
John the Baptist is recorded as saying in bearing witness to Christ: "He who be-
lieves in the Son has eternal life; he who does not obey the Son shall not see life,
but the wrath of God rests upon him" (Jn 3:36).

¹ÏÀ½(faith)°ú ÀǷοò(righteousness) »çÀÌ¿¡´Â, ÇÑ ÆíÀ¸·Î, ¾î¶² °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í 
ÁË(sin)¿Í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Áø³ë(God's wrath)´Â, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ 
¹Ù¿À·ÎÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¼¼·ÊÀÚ ¼º ¿äÇÑÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ñ°Ý ÁõÀÎÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ 
±â·ÏµÇ¾îÁø ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ±â·Ï°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù(ties in with):
"¾Æµå´ÔÀ» ¹Ï´Â À̴ 
¿µ¿øÇÑ »ý¸íÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æµå´Ô²² ¼øÁ¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚ´Â »ý¸íÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ 
¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Áø³ë°¡ ±× »ç¶÷ À§¿¡ ¸Ó¹«¸£°Ô µÈ´Ù" (¿äÇÑ º¹À½¼­ 3,36).  


Christian teaching often points out how God's desire that all sinners be saved (the
"righteousness of God" as instrument of salvation) combines with his punishment
of sin (the "wrath of God"). How perfect justice interfaces with perfect mercy is
ultimately a mystery.

±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸ðµç ÁËÀεéÀÌ ±¸ÇÏ¿©Áö±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¹Ù¶÷(±¸¿øÀÇ 
µµ±¸·Î¼­ÀÇ "ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀǷοò")ÀÌ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¹ú("ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Áø³ë")°ú ¾î¶»°Ô 
°âÇÏ´ÂÁö(combines with)¸¦ ÀÚÁÖ ÁöÀûÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¿Ï¹ÌÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ(perfect justice)°¡ ¿Ï¹ÌÇÑ 
ÀÚºñ(perfect mercy)
¿Í ¾î¶»°Ô Á¶È­½ÃÄÑÁö´ÂÁö(interfaces with)´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÇϳªÀÇ 
½Åºñ(a mystery)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.


18. "Who by their wickedness suppress the truth": commenting on these words
St Thomas writes: "Genuine knowledge of God has the effect of inclining a person
to goodness. However, this knowledge of God can be frustrated, as if enchained,
by a person's attachment to vice" ("Commentary on Rom, ad loc.").

18. "ºÒÀÇ·Î Áø¸®¸¦ ¾ï´©¸£´Â »ç¶÷µé": ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥Çö¿¡ ÁÖ¼®Çϸ鼭 ¼º Å丶½º
(St. Thomas) ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¾¹´Ï´Ù: "ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÂ¥ Áö½ÄÀº  ÇÑ ÀΰÝ(a person)À» 
¼±ÇÔÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁö°ÔÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀº, 
¸¶Ä¡ »ç½½·Î ¹­ÀÎ °Íó·³, ¾Ç´ö(vice)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ ÀΰÝÀÇ ÁýÂø(attachment to)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© 
ÁÂÀýµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ["Commentary on Rom, ad loc."].


Clearly St Paul is speaking here of those Gentiles who do know about God but
who fail to appreciate their good fortune; their knowledge of God does not produce
the result which should naturally flow from it -- an upright life. We can see from
what Paul says that man is naturally religious. He has a knowledge of God which
is not just theoretical: it has implications for his whole life because it implies that
he is intimately united to God. When a person does not follow the impulse of his
very nature he is guilty of unrighteousness, for he should render God homage for
being his Creator.

¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î´Â ¿©±â¼­, ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×·¯³ª ÀڽŵéÀÇ Çà¿îÀ» °í¸¿°Ô 
¿©±â±â¿¡ °ÔÀ»¸®ÇÏ´Â(fail to) ¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ À̹æÀε鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 
±×µéÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ, ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Èê·¯³ª¿Í¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °á°úÀÎ, ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ »î(an upright 
life)À» »êÃâÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©,  ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ù¿À·Î°¡ ¸»Çϴ 
¹Ù·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Å¾ÓÀû(naturally religious)ÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 
±×´Â, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÌÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÑ, ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù: ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ 
´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº ±×ÀÇ Àüü »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ï½Ã(implications)µéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥ À̴ 
ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ ±×°¡ ÇÏ´À´Ô²² ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °áÇյǾî ÀÖÀ½À» ¶æÇϱâ 
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ ÀΰÝ(a person)ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ±× º»¼ºÀÇ Ã浿À» µû¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§¿¡ 
±×´Â ºÒÀÇ(unrighteousness)¶ó´Â Á˸¦ ¹üÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, ÀÌ´Â ´ç½Å²²¼­ âÁ¶ÁÖÀ̽ɿ¡ 
´ëÇÏ¿© ±×°¡ ÇÏ´À´Ô²² °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

"All men, because they are persons, that is, beings endowed with reason and
free will and therefore bearing personal responsibility, are both impelled by their
nature and bound by a moral obligation to seek the truth, especially religious truth.
They are also bound to adhere to the truth once they come to know it and direct
their whole lives in accordance with the demands of truth" (Vatican II, "Dignitatis
Humanae", 2).

"¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ÀΰÝ(persons)µé, Áï  À̼º(reason)°ú ÀÚÀ¯ ÀÇÁö(free will)¸¦ 
Ÿ°í³­ (endowed with) ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±× °á°ú ÀΰÝÀûÀΠåÀÓ(personal responsibility)À» 
Áö´Â Á¸Àç(beings)µéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Áø¸®¸¦, Ưº°È÷ ½Å¾ÓÀû Áø¸®¸¦, ãµµ·Ï ÀڽŵéÀÇ 
º»¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀçÃË ¹ÞÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¶ÇÇÑ À±¸®Àû Àǹ«¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ÓÀ» ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù. 
±×µéÀº, ÀÏ´Ü ÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ°í ³ª¸é, ÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ ¶ÇÇÑ °í¼öÇÏÁö(adhere to) ¾ÊÀ» 
¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç(are bound to) ±×¸®°í Áø¸®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé°úÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡·Î ÀڽŵéÀÇ Àüü »îµéÀ» 
ÇâÇÏ°Ô ÇÏÁö(direct) ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù" [Á¦ 2Â÷ ¹ÙƼĭ °øÀÇȸ(Vatican II), 
"Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö(Dignitatis Humanae)", 2].

Our dependence on God does not mean that we are less than free; on the con-
trary, it is rejection of all religious duties that leads to the shameful slaveries
which Paul now goes on to list, for "religion is the greatest rebellion of a person
who does not want to live like an animal, who is not satisfied and will not rest un-
til he reaches and comes to know his Creator" (St. J. escriva, "Conversations",
73).

ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÇÁ¸(dependence on)Àº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» °áÄÚ ¶æÇÏÁö 
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸®, ÀÌ°ÍÀº, ¹Ù¿À·Î°¡ Áö±Ý °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ³ª¿­ÇÏ´Â, ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î ³ë¿¹ 
»óŵé·Î À̲ô´Â ¸ðµç Á¾±³Àû Àǹ«µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅºÎ¸¦ ¸»Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â
"½Å¾Ó(religion)"ÀÌ 
Áü½Âó·³ »ì±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ÀΰÝ(a person)ÀÇ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÁÖ¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡°¡ 
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ë°Ô µÉ ¶§±îÁö ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ½¬Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇÒ ÇÑ 
ÀΰÝÀÇ °¡Àå Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹Ý¶õ(the greatest rebellion)À̱â" ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù [¼º È£¼¼¸¶¸®¾Æ 
¿¡½ºÅ©¸®¹Ù(St. J. escriva), "Conversations", 73].

19-20. It is possible to know about God without his having to reveal himself in a
supernatural way; we know this from the book of Wisdom (Wis 13:1-9), which
says that pagans, who, led astray by the beauty and power and greatness of
created things, took these things for gods, should have known that all this perfec-
tion etc. came from their Author, for "from the greatness and beauty of created
things comes a corresponding perception of their Creator" (Wis 13:5).

19-20. ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©, ´ç½Å²²¼­ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ´ç½Å ½º½º·Îµé ¹Ýµå½Ã µå·¯³»½É 
¾øÀ̵µ, ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù: ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÁöÇý¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë°í 
Àִµ¥
(ÁöÇý¼­ 13,1-9), ÀÌ Ã¥Àº, âÁ¶µÈ »ç¹°µéÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú Èû ±×¸®°í ÈǸ¢ÇÔ¿¡ 
ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹ÌȤÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î(led astray), ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¹°µéÀ» Àâ½Å(gods)µé·Î À߸ø ¾Ë¾Ò´ø, 
´Ù½Å±³µµ(pagans)µéÀº ¸ðµç ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¿Ï¹Ì(perfection)µîÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ Á¶¹°ÁÖ
(Author)·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»Çϴµ¥, À̴ 
"ÇÇÁ¶¹°ÀÇ ¿õ´ëÇÔ°ú ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î º¸¾Æ ±× âÁ¶ÀÚ¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ±â" (ÁöÇý¼­ 13,5)  
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.


This knowledge of God, which we term "natural", is not something easy to attain;
but it can be attained and it is the best form of preparation for accepting superna-
turally revealed truths, and for disposing us to honor and worship our Creator.
Moreover, Revelation confirms the certainty which natural knowledge gives: "The
heavens are telling the glory of God", the Psalmist exclaims, "band the firmament
proclaims his handiwork" (Ps 19:2). St Augustine reminds us that traces of the
Creator are to be found in man, and, as we all know from experience, we have
been made to know and love God and therefore our heart is restless until it rests
in him (cf. "Confessions", I, 1, 1). 

¿ì¸®°¡ "ÀÚ¿¬Àû(natural)"À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â(term), ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀº ȹµæÇϱâ 
(attain)½¬¿î ¾î¶² °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï³ª, ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°ÍÀº ȹµæÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº 
ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³ª°Ô µÇ´Â Áø¸®µéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱â À§ÇÑ ÁغñÀÇ, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý 
¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÁÖ¸¦ Á¸°æÇÏ°í ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© °æ¹èÇÒ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ³»Å°µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ÁغñÀÇ, ÃÖ»óÀÇ ¹æ½Ä
(form)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °Å·èÇÑ µå·¯³»½É(Revelation)Àº ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ 
Á¦°øÇÏ´Â È®½ÅÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ È®ÀÎÇÕ´Ï´Ù: ½ÃÆí ÀúÀÚ(the Psalmist)´Â "ÇÏ´ÃÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ 
¿µ±¤À» À̾߱âÇÏ°í â°øÀº ±×ºÐ ¼ÕÀÇ ¼Ø¾¾¸¦ ¾Ë¸®³×" ¶ó°í ¿ÜĨ´Ï´Ù
(½ÃÆí 19,2). ¼º 
¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼³ë(St. Augustine)Àº âÁ¶ÁÖÀÇ ÈçÀûµéÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í, ¿ì¸® 
¸ðµÎ°¡ °æÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë°í ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¿ì¸®´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°í »ç¶ûÇϵµ·Ï ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç 
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±× °á°ú·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ º»½ÉÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ÀÚ¸®ÀâÀ» ¶§±îÁö ½¬Áö ¾ÊÀ½À» 
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ó±â½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù
[cf. "Confessions", I, 1, 1]. 

To sum up, we can say with St Thomas Aquinas that, in the natural order, man
has two ways of discovering the existence of God--one, through reason that inner
light by means of which a person acquires knowledge; the other, through certain
external pointers to the wisdom of God, that is, created things perceivable through
the senses: these things are like a book on which are imprinted traces of God (cf.
"Commentary on Rom", 1:6).

¿ä¾àÇÏ¿©, ¿ì¸®´Â ¼º Å丶½º(St. Thomas)¿Í ÇÔ²² ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù: 
ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Áú¼­(the natural order) ¾È¿¡¼­, »ç¶÷Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ Á¸À縦 ¹ß°ßÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î 
µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, ±× Çϳª´Â, ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇÑ ÀΰÝ(a person)ÀÌ 
Áö½ÄÀ» ½ÀµæÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ³»¸éÀÇ ºû(inner light)ÀÎ À̼º(reason)À» ÅëÇÏ¿©¼­À̸ç, 
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÁöÇý¸¦ ÇâÇϴ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¿Ü¸éÀû Áö½Ã±â(pointers)µé, 
Áï, ¿À°¨µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁöµÉ ¼ö Àִ âÁ¶µÈ °ÍµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©¼­ ÀÔ´Ï´Ù: ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ 
°ÍµéÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÈçÀûµéÀÌ ±× À§¿¡ ¸í±âµÈ (imprinted) ÇϳªÀÇ Ã¥°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù
 
[cf. "Commentary on Rom", 1:6].


Whichever of these routes is taken, "God, the origin and end of all things, can be
known with certainty by the natural light of human reason from the things that he
created" (Vatican I, "Dei Filius", chap. 2).

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ·Îµé ÁßÀÇ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ÅÃÇØÁö´õ¶óµµ, "¸ðµç »ç¹°µéÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÌ¸ç ³¡ÀÎ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº 
´ç½Å²²¼­ âÁ¶Çϼ̴ø »ç¹°µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼º(human reason)À̶ó´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ºû
(natural light)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾Ë°Ô µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù" [Á¦1Â÷ ¹ÙƼĭ °øÀÇȸ
(Vatican I), "ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµå´Ô(Dei Filius)", chap. 2].


Recalling the core of Christian teaching about the nature of man, the Second Va-
tican Council states that "sacred Scripture teaches that man was created in the
image of God' as able to know and love his Creator", and that "the dignity of man
rests above all on the fact that he is called to communion with God. The invitation
to converse with God is addressed to man as soon as he comes into being. For
if man exists it is because God has created him through love, and through love
continues to hold him in existence" ("Gaudium Et Spes", 12 and 19). The human
mind, therefore, even when relying on its own resources can grasp various truths
concerning God--first of all, his existence, and secondly, certain of his attributes,
which St Paul sums up here as his "invisible nature", "eternal power" and "deity".
By reflecting on the created world, we can learn about some of God's perfections;
but, St Thomas Aquinas comments, only in heaven will we be able to see that
these various perfections are all one with the divine essence. This is why St Paul
talks about God's "invisible nature". Contemplation of the works of creation leads
us to posit the presence of an ever-existing Creator, and brings us to discover his
"eternal power". Finally, the word "deity" implies that God is transcendent: he is
the Cause, superior to all other causes, and in him everything finds its explana-
tion and ultimate purpose.

»ç¶÷ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀ» »ó±â½ÃÅ°¸é¼­, Á¦2Â÷ ¹ÙƼĭ 
°øÀÇȸ´Â "¼º°æÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ 
âÁ¶ÁÖ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î âÁ¶µÇ¾ú´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù" ¶ó°í 
¼­¼úÇϸç, ±×¸®°í
"»ç¶÷ÀÇ Á¸¾ö(dignity of man)Àº ƯÈ÷(above all) ±×°¡ ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ 
Çϳª µÊ(Ä£±³, Åë°ø, communion with)À¸·Î ºÎ¸£½ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ´Ù
(rest on). ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ ´ëÈ­·ÎÀÇ ÃÊ´ë´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô, ±×°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ °ð¹Ù·Î, 
ÀüÇØÁø´Ù(is addressed to). ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­ ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÀ» 
ÅëÇÏ¿© âÁ¶ÇϼÌÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í »ç¶ûÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Á¸Àç·Î(in existence) °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© 
º¸Á¸ÇϽñâ(hold) ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù" ¶ó°í ¼­¼úÇÕ´Ï´Ù [Gaudium Et Spes", 12 and 19]. 
µû¶ó¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº, ½ÉÁö¾î ±× °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¼ö´Ü(resources)µé¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÒ ¶§¿¡µµ, 
ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ °üÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Áø¸®µéÀ», ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú, ´ç½ÅÀÇ Á¸Àç, ±×¸®°í µÎ ¹ø°·Î, 
¸î °³ÀÇ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºµéÀ», ³³µæÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀ» "º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â º»¼º", 
 °ð "¿µ¿øÇÑ Èû" ¹× "½Å¼º(deity)"À¸·Î, ¿©±â¼­ ¿ä¾àÇÕ´Ï´Ù. âÁ¶µÈ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
 ¼÷°íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿Ï¹Ì(God's perfections)µéÀÇ ÀϺο¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¹è¿ï 
¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±×·¯³ª
¼º Å丶½º ¾ÆÄû³ª½º(St. Thomas Aquinas)´Â, ÇÏ´Ã/õ´ç¿¡¼­
(in heaven)¸¸ ¿À·ÎÁö ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ
¿Ï¹Ì(perfections)µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ½Å¼ºÀû º»Áú
(divine essence)°ú ÀåÂ÷ Çϳª(one)°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖ¼®ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 
âÁ¶ÀÇ À§¾÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü»ó(contemplation)Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¸ÀçÇϽô âÁ¶ÁÖÀÇ ÇöÁ¸À» 
´ÜÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï(posit) ¿ì¸®¸¦ À̲ø¸ç, ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ "¿µ¿øÇÑ Èû"À» ¹ß°ßÇϵµ·Ï ¿ì¸®¸¦ 
µ¥·Á°©´Ï´Ù. ³¡À¸·Î, "½Å¼º"(deity)À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­ ÃÊ¿ùÀû(transcendental)À̽ÉÀ» 
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù: ´ç½Å²²¼­´Â, ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ¿øÀÎ(causes)µé º¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇÑ, 
°Å·èÇÑ ¿øÀÎ(the Cause)À̽øç, ±×¸®°í ´ç½Å ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇÑ 
¼³¸í ¹× ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀû(ultimate purpose)À» ¹ß°ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


The fact that it is possible to know God by the use of natural reason means that
pagans who chose not to worship him were blameworthy. Their position is com-
parable to that of contemporary atheists and unbelievers who deny or doubt the
existence of God despite the fact that as human beings they do know him in
some way in the depths of their conscience. The culpability of pagans as of mo-
dern unbelievers ("they are without excuse") derives from the fact that they fail to
accept that God is knowable through the use of human reason; they both commit
the same fault--that of refusing to render worship to God.

ÀÚ¿¬Àû À̼º(natural reason)ÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϴٴ 
»ç½ÇÀº ´ç½ÅÀ» °æ¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ´Ù½Å±³µµµéÀÌ ºñ³­ ¹Þ¾Æ ¸¶¶¥ÇÏ¿´À½
(balmeworthy)À» ¶æÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÔÀå(position)Àº, Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­, ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ 
¾ç½ÉÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ´ç½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, 
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÇöÁ¸À» ºÎÁ¤Çϰųª ȤÀº ÀǽÉÇÏ´Â, µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚ(atheists)µé ¹× ºÒ½ÅÀÚ
(unbelievers)µéÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ±×°Í¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÕ´Ï´Ù(is comparable to). ("ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾øÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÑ") 
±Ù´ëÀÇ ºÒ½ÅÀÚµé·Î¼­ÀÇ ´Ù½Å±³µµµéÀÇ À¯ÁË(culpability)´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼ºÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© 
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ±×µéÀÌ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¸øÇÔÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡Çϸç, ±×¸®°í 
±×µé µÑ ´Ù´Â, ÇÏ´À´Ô²² °æ¹è¸¦ µå¸®´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ̶ó´Â, ²À °°Àº À߸øÀ» ÀúÁö¸¨´Ï´Ù.


Of course, to some degree the attitude of atheists can be explained by historical,
environmental, personal and other factors. However, it should not be forgotten that
these do not justify atheism. However, "those who willfully try to drive God from
their heart and to avoid all questions about religion, not following the biddings of
their conscience, are not free from blame" (Vatican II, "Gaudium Et Spes", 19).

´ç¿¬È÷, ¾î¶² Á¤µµ¿¡±îÁö ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚµéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ¿ª»çÀû, ȯ°æÀû, ÀΰÝÀû(personal) ¹× 
´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀε鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ ¹«½Å·ÐÀ» 
Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½ÀÌ ÀØÇôÁ®¼­´Â °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
"ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ» 
µû¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ÀڽŵéÀÇ º»½ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ÂѾƹö¸®·Á°í ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ½Å¾Ó¿¡ 
°üÇÑ ¸ðµç Áú¹®µéÀ» ȸÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ºñ³­À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö 
¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù" [Á¦2Â÷ ¹ÙƼĭ °øÀÇȸ(Vatican I)I, "Gaudium Et Spes", 19].


21-23. The Gentiles knew God but they failed to give him his due--to worship him
in a spirit of adoration and thanksgiving. As a result they fell into polytheism (be-
lief in a multiplicity of gods) and idolatry, as St Paul vividly describes: they wor-
shipped images depicting men and women (the Greeks gave their gods human
form) or animals (as was the case in Egyptian and other eastern religions).

21-23. À̹æÀεéÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù¸¸ ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ´ç½Å²², Èì¼þ°ú °¨»çÀÇ 
Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ´ç½ÅÀ» °æ¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎ, ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸òÀ» µå¸®´Â µ¥¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±× 
°á°ú·Î ±×µéÀº, ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ »ý»ýÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇϵíÀÌ, [´Ù¼öÀÇ ½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 
¹ÏÀ½(belief)ÀÎ] ´Ù½Å±³(polytheism) ¹× ¿ì»ó¼þ¹è(idolatry)·Î ¶³¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù: »ç¶÷µé°ú 
¿©ÀÚµéÀ» (±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ Àâ½Åµé¿¡°Ô Àΰ£ÀÇ Çü»óÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù) ȤÀº 
(ÀÌÁýÆ®Àεé°ú ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹æÀÇ Á¾±³µé¿¡ À־ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿´´ø) µ¿¹°µéÀ» ¹¦»çÇϴ 
»óµéÀ» ±×µéÀº °æ¹èÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.  


In our own time idolatry does not take that form, but there are practices which
can properly be called idolatrous. Man is naturally religious and if he does not
worship the true God he necessarily has to find other things to take God's place.
Sometimes it is himself that man makes the object of worship: the Second Vati-
can Council points out that "with some people it is their exaggerated idea of man
that causes their faith to languish; they are more prone, it would seem, to affirm
man than to deny God [...]. Those who profess this kind of atheism maintain that
freedom consists in this, that man is an end to himself and the sole maker, with
supreme control, of his own history" ("Gaudium Et Spes", 19 and 20). It also
happens that people, by becoming enslaved to them, make gods out of the good
things created by God for man's benefit--money, power, sensuality.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ °íÀ¯ÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¿ì»ó¼þ¹è´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀ» ÃëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª, ±×·¯³ª 
¿ì»ó¼þ¹èÀû(idolatrous)À̶ó°í ÇÕ´çÇÏ°Ô ºÒ¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹ö¸©(practices)µéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 
»ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Å¾ÓÀû(naturally religious)ÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸¸¾à¿¡ ±×°¡ Âü ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» 
°æ¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×´Â ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÒ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¹°µéÀ» ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ã¾Æ¾ß¸¸ 
ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ °æ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº ¶§·Î´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÔ´Ï´Ù:
Á¦2Â÷ ¹ÙƼĭ 
°øÀÇȸ(the Second Vatican Council)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁöÀûÇÕ´Ï´Ù: "ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î 
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½(faith)À» ½ÃµéÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¿øÀÎÀ̶õ ¹Ù·Î »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °úÀåµÈ 
»ý°¢¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº [...] ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ºÎÀÎÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â »ç¶÷À» ´õ È®½ÅÇϴ 
°æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µí ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹«½Å·ÐÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 
»ç¶÷Àº ±× Àڽſ¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ¸ñÇ¥ÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®°í, Áö°íÀÇ Á¦¾î·ÂÀ» °¡Áø, ÀڽŠ°íÀ¯ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ 
´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¶¹°ÁÖ(maker)¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù" ["Gaudium Et Spes", 19 and 20]. »ç¶÷µéÀº, 
Àڽŵ鿡 ¿¹¼ÓµÊÀ¸·Î½á, »ç¶÷ÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© âÁ¶µÈ ÁÁÀº °ÍµéÀÎ, 
µ·, ±Ç·Â, °ü´É¼º(sensuality)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àâ½Å(gods)µéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ß»ýÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


24-32. The sin of idolatry leads to the kind of moral disorder described by St Paul:
every time man knowingly and willingly tries to marginalize God, that religious
aberration leads to moral disorder not only in the individual but also in society.

24-32. ¿ì»ó ¼þ¹è¶ó´Â ÁË´Â ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼³¸íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î 
±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ À±¸®Àû È¥¶õÀ¸·Î À̲ü´Ï´Ù: ¸Å¹ø »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Ë¸é¼­ ±×¸®°í ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î 
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸç, ¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀû Å»¼±(religious aberration)ÀÌ 
°³Àο¡°Ô À־ »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¶ÇÇÑ »çȸ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î À±¸®Àû È¥¶õÀ¸·Î À̲ü´Ï´Ù.


God punishes the sin of idolatry and impiety by withdrawing his graces: that is
what the Apostle means when he says that he "gave them up to the lusts of their
hearts" (v. 24), "gave them up to dishonorable passions" (v. 26). St John Chryso-
stom, explaining these words, says: "The Apostle shows here that ungodliness
brings with it violation and forgetfulness of every law. When Paul says that God
gives them up, this must be understood as meaning that God leaves them to
their own devices. God abandons the evildoer but he does not impel him towards
evil. When the general withdraws in the thick of the battle, he gives his soldiers
up to the enemy, not in the sense of physically shackling them but because he
deprives them of the help of his presence. God acts in the same way. Rebels
against his law, men have turned their back on him; God, his goodness ex-
hausted, abandons them [...]. What else could he do? Use force, compel them?
Those means do not make men virtuous. The only thing he could do was let
them be" ("Hom. on Rom", 3).

ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â  ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀºÃѵéÀ» °ÅµÎ¾îµéÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ¿ì»ó¼þ¹è¿Í ºÒ½Å¾Ó(impiety)À̶ó´Â 
Á˸¦ ¹úÇϽʴϴÙ: Áï ´ç½Å²²¼­
"±×µéÀÌ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¿å¸ÁÀ¸·Î ´õ·´ÇôÁöµµ·Ï ³»¹ö·Á µÎ½Ã¾î" 
(Á¦24Àý)¶ó°í ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ÀÌ »çµµ°¡ ¶æÇÏ´Â ¹Ù´Â, [´ç½Å²²¼­] "±×µéÀ» ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î 
Á¤¿å¿¡ ³Ñ±â¼ÌÀ½"(Á¦26Àý)À» ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¼º ¿äÇÑ Å©¸®¼Ò½ºÅä¸ð(St. John Chrysostom)´Â, 
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥Çöµé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù:
"ÀÌ »çµµ´Â ¿©±â¼­ ½Å¾Ó½É 
¾øÀ½(ungodliness)Àº ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ¸ðµç À²¹ýÀÇ Æı« ¹× ¸Á°¢À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å´À» º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. 
ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­ ±×µéÀ» ³»¹ö·Á µÎ½Å´Ù°í ¹Ù¿À·Î°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­ ±×µéÀ» 
±×µé °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¿å¸Á(devices)µé¿¡ ³»¹ö·Á µÎ½ÉÀ» ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇصǾî¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 
ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â ¾ÇÇàÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ¹ö¸®½Ã³ª(abandon) ±×·¯³ª ´ç½Å²²¼­´Â ¾ÇÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© 
±×¸¦ ÀçÃËÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ¸½Ê´Ï´Ù. ÀüÅõÀÇ ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­ Àå¼ö°¡ ¹°·¯¼­¸é, À°Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î 
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º´»çµé¿¡°Ô Á·¼â¸¦ ä¿ì´Â Àǹ̷μ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°¡ ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇöÁ¸À̶ó´Â 
µµ¿òÀ» ¹ÚÅ»Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º´»çµéÀ» Àû±º¿¡°Ô±îÁö ³»¾îÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 
ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â ²À °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϽʴϴÙ. ´ç½ÅÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¿ªÀÚµéÀÎ, »ç¶÷µéÀº 
´ç½Å¿¡°Ô¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µîÀ» µ¹·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â, ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¼±ÇϽÉÀÌ °í°¥µÇ¾ú±â¿¡, 
À̵éÀ» ¹ö¸®½Ê´Ï´Ù [...]. ´ç½Å²²¼­ ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä? ¹«·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, 
±×µéÀ» ÂѾƹö¸±±î¿ä? ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´öÀÌ ÀÖµµ·Ï(virtuous) ¸¸µéÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. 
´ç½Å²²¼­ ÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀº ±×µéÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î µÎµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù
(let them be)" [Hom. on Rom", 3].


It may be that God counts on the experience of sin to move people to repentance.
In any event, we should not read into this passage unconcern, much less injustice
on God's part: he never abandons people unless they first abandon him (cf. Coun-
cil of Trent, "De Iustificatione", chap. 11).

ÇÏ´À´Ô²²¼­´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ȸ°³(repentance)·Î À̵¿½ÃÅ°½Ã°íÀÚ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇèÀ» ±â´ëÇϽǠ
¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾î¶°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ, ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎºÐ(passage)À», ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 
ºÒÀÇ(injustice)°¡ ´õ±º´Ù³ª ¾Æ´Ñ, ¹«°ü½É(unconcern)À¸·Î À߸ø Çؼ®ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çϴµ¥, 
ÀÌ´Â ´ç½Å²²¼­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ´ç½ÅÀ» ¹ö¸®Áö(abandon) ¾Ê´Â ÀÌ»ó »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸½Ã±â 
¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù
[cf. Æ®¸®¿£Æ® °øÀÇȸ(Council of Trent), "ÀÇÈ­(De Iustificatione)", chap. 11].


25. When describing the blasphemous behavior of Gentiles who worship created
things rather than the Creator, St Paul cannot but utter an ejaculation, in a spirit
of atonement. This should teach us to do the same whenever we witness offense
being offered to God.

25. °Å·èÇϽŠâÁ¶ÁÖº¸´Ù ¿ÀÈ÷·Á âÁ¶µÈ °ÍµéÀ» °æ¹èÇÏ´Â À̹æÀεéÀÇ ½Å¼º¸ðµ¶Àû ó½ÅÀ» 
¼³¸íÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ¼º ¹Ù¿À·Î´Â, ¼ÓÁË(atonement)ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î,  °©Àڱ⠼Ҹ®¸¦ Áö¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö 
¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº, ¸ð¿å(offense)ÀÌ ÇÏ´À´Ô²² ¹ÙÃÄÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸ñ°ÝÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù µ¿ÀÏÇÑ 
ÇൿÀ» Çϵµ·Ï, ¿ì¸®¸¦ °¡¸£Ãľ߸¸ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.



(II) 1st Reading: Galatians 5:1-6

Christian Liberty
-----------------------
[1] For freedom Christ has set us free; stand fast therefore, and do not submit
again to a yoke of slavery.

[2] Now I, Paul, say to you that if you receive circumcision, Christ will be of
no advantage to you. [3] I testify again to every man who receives circumcision
that he is bound to keep the whole law. [4] You are severed from Christ, you who
would be justified by the law; you have fallen away from grace. [5] For through the
Spirit, by faith, we wait for the hope of righteousness. [6] For in Christ Jesus nei-
ther circumcision nor uncircumcision is of any avail, but faith working through love.

*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:

1-3. The Law of Moses, which was divinely revealed, was something good; it
suited the circumstances of the time. Christ came to bring this Law to perfection
(cf. notes on Mt 5:17-19 and Gal 5:14-15). All the elaborate legal and ritual pre-
scriptions in the Mosaic Law were laid down by God for a specific stage in Salva-
tion History, that is, the stage which ended with the coming of Christ. Christians
are under no obligation to follow the letter of that Law (cf. St Thomas Aquinas,
"Summa Theologiae", I-II, q. 108, a.3 ad 3).

Although in this letter to the Galatians the Apostle is emphasizing, as we have
seen, freedom from the Law of Moses, obviously this liberation cannot be entirely
disconnected from freedom in general. If someone submits to circumcision after
being baptized, it amounts to subjecting oneself to a series of practices which
have now no value and to depriving oneself of the fruits of Christ's Redemption.
In other words, subjection to the Law brings with it a loss of freedom in general.
Paul is using the full might of his apostolic authority when he says, "If you re-
ceive circumcision, Christ will be of no advantage to you." Christ's Redemption
alone is effective; it has no need of the rites of the Old Testament.

4-5. There is now not just a clear distinction but actual opposition between follo-
wing Christ and the observance of the Law, with the result that if anyone tries to
live by the Law only he is cutting himself off from Christ. Baptism is the sacra-
ment whereby we are inserted into Jesus Christ, becoming members of his Body
and branches of the vine (cf. Jn 15:5). If we cut ourselves off from Christ, the true
vine and source of life, we cannot bear fruit. Nor can we do so by going back and
submitting to the Old Law, for that Law is now out of date and no longer operates.

On the other hand, if we remain in the grace which Christ has won for us, we
shall produce the "hope of righteousness", which is not simply what we have
now --the life of grace--but its perfect fulfillment in eternal life: this is really what
we "wait" for, what we yearn for.

6. In the stage of Salvation History which begins with Christ, the fact that a per-
son is Jewish or Gentile, circumcised or uncircumcised, counts for nothing as
far as salvation is concerned. What does matter is truly believing that only Christ
Jesus can save us: true faith, genuine faith, moves us to love Christ and, as a
consequence of this, to love everyone without exception. The faith to which St
Paul is referring can be described, as the Apostle St James implies (Jas 2:17),
as "living faith", that is, faith which is translated into a profound conviction which
motivates us to love: this is "faith working through love".

St Paul is obviously speaking about the supernatural virtue of faith in its proper
sense, that is, "living faith". In the Christian tradition, stemming from St James,
"dead faith" is a caricature of faith which is incapable of expressing itself in
words.

The Magisterium of the Church teaches that "faith, unless it is joined to hope
and charity, neither makes us one with Christ nor loving members of his Body.
That is why it is rightly said that 'faith by itself, if it has no works, is dead' (Jas
2:17) and idle, and that 'in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision
is of any avail, but faith working through love' (Gal 5:6; 6:15)" (Council of Trent,
"De Iustificatione", chap. 7).

Therefore, a person who has faith but does not live in the grace of God is really
a kind of dead person: charity is as it were the soul of all virtues, it is what gives
them life: "it must be remembered that if someone had all the gifts of the Holy
Spirit with the exception of the first gift, charity, he could not be supernaturally
alive [...]. He would be like a dead body: however much he deck himself out in
gold and precious stones, he continues to be a dead body" (St Thomas, "On
the Two Commandments...", intro. 3).

Our Lord said that his disciples would be recognized by their charity (cf. Jn
13:35), because faith begets hope, and hope leads on to love. "When one asks
if someone is good," St Augustine says, "one does not check to see what he
believes or what he hopes for, but what it is he loves. For someone who loves
rightly certainly also believes and hopes rightly; but he who does not love be-
lieves in vain, even if what he believes in is true [...]. Therefore, this is the faith
in Christ, which the Apostle extols--'faith which works through love" ("Enchiri-
dion", chap. 117).


Gospel Reading: Luke 11:37-41

The Hypocrisy of the Scribes and Pharisees
----------------------------------------------------------------
[37] While He (Jesus) was speaking, a Pharisee asked Him to dine with Him; so
He went in and sat at table. [38] The Pharisee was astonished to see that He did
not first wash before dinner. [39] And the Lord said to him, "Now you Pharisees
cleanse the outside of the cup and of the dish, but inside you are full of extortion
and wickedness. [40] You fools! Did not He who made the outside make the in-
side also? [41] But give for alms those things which are within; and behold every-
thing is clean for you."

*********************************************************************************************
Commentary:

39-52. In this passage (one of the most severe in the Gospel) Jesus determinedly
unmasks the vice which was largely responsible for official Judaism's rejection of
His teaching--hypocrisy cloaked in legalism. There are many people, who under
the guise of doing good, keeping the mere letter of the law, fail to keep its spirit;
they close themselves to the love of God and neighbor; they harden their hearts
and, though apparently very upright, turn others away from fervent pursuit of God
--making virtue distasteful. Jesus' criticism is vehement because they are worse
than open enemies: against open enemies one can defend oneself, but these
enemies are almost impossible to deal with. The scribes and Pharisees were
blocking the way of those who wanted to follow Jesus: they were the most formi-
dable obstacle to the Gospel. Our Lord's invective against the scribes and Phari-
sees is reported even more fully in chapter 23 of St. Matthew. See the note on
Matthew 23:1-39.

[The note on Matthew 23:1-39 states:

1-39. Throughout this chapter Jesus severely criticizes the scribes and Phari-
sees and demonstrates the sorrow and compassion He feels towards the ordinary
mass of the people, who have been ill-used, "harassed and helpless, like sheep
without a shepherd" (Matthew 9:36). His address may be divided into three parts:
in the first (verses 1-12) He identifies their principal vices and corrupt practices;
in the second (verses 13-36) He confronts them and speaks His famous "woes",
which in effect are the reverse of the Beatitudes He preached in Chapter 5: no one
can enter the Kingdom of Heaven--no one can escape condemnation to the flames
-- unless he changes his attitude and behavior; in the third part (verses 37-39) He
weeps over Jerusalem, so grieved is He by the evils into which the blind pride
and hardheartedness of the scribes and Pharisees have misled the people.]

40-41. It is not easy to work out what these verses mean. Probably our Lord is
using the idea of cleaning the inside and outside of dishes to teach that a per-
son's heart is much more important than what appears on the surface--whereas
the Pharisees got it the wrong way round, as so many people tend to do. Jesus
is warning us not to be so concerned about "the outside" but rather give impor-
tance to "the inside". Applying this to the case of alms: we have to be generous
with those things we are inclined to hoard; in other words, it is not enough just to
give a little money (that could be a purely formal, external gesture); love is what
we have to give others--love and understanding, refinement, respect for their free-
dom, deep concern for their spiritual and material welfare; this is something we
cannot do unless our interior dispositions are right.

In an address to young people, Pope John Paul II explains what almsgiving really
means: "The Greek word for alms, "eleemosyne", comes from "eleos", meaning
compassion and mercy. Various circumstances have combined to change this
meaning so that almsgiving is often regarded as a cold act, with no love in it. But
almsgiving in the proper sense means realizing the needs of others and letting
them share in one's own goods. Who would say that there will not always be
others who need help, especially spiritual help, support, consolation, fraternity,
love? The world is always very poor, as far as love is concerned" (28 March
1979).
¡¡

*********************************************************************************************
Source: "The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries". Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.

Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States. We encourage readers to purchase
The Navarre Bible for personal study. See Scepter Publishers for details.

[Âü°í: ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀº Àú¼­¸í "°¡Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸»¾¸ Àü·Ê¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼º°æ°øºÎ Çؼ³¼­"(¿«ÀºÀÌ: ¼Ò¼øÅÂ, 
ÃâÆÇ»ç: °¡Å縯ÃâÆÇ»ç)ÀÇ °¢ÁÖÀÇ ¿¬ÀåÀ¸·Î ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®¸» ¹ø¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 
ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀº ¿«ÀºÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, º»¹® ÁßÀÇ ¿ì¸®¸» ¹ø¿ª¹®µéÀ» º¹»çÇÏ¿© °¡Á®°¡´Â °ÍÀ»
Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.]