| Grace: Commentary on the Summa Theologica of St. Thomas, Appendix |
| Rev. Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P.
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APPENDIX
WHETHER AVERSION FROM THE SUPERNATURAL END In classical Thomism as understood by Capreolus, Cajetan, Ferrariensis, Bañez, Alvarez, Lemos, John of St. Thomas, Gonet, Godoy, the Salmanticenses, Billuart, Gotti, Del Prado, and others, it is generally admitted that fallen man cannot be directly averted from his final supernatural end without at the same time being at least indirectly averted from God, his final natural end and the author of nature. Why? Because even the natural law prescribes that God is to be obeyed whatever He commands whether in the natural or in a higher order. From this principle Thomists generally deduce the following conclusions which are rejected by many only because of insufficient grasp of the foregoing principle. 1. Fallen man cannot by his natural powers alone, without restorative grace, love God the author of nature above all things with an effectively efficacious love. This is the express opinion of St. Thomas, Ia IIae, q. 109, a. 3, where he says that, in contrast to the state of incorrupt nature, “man in the state of fallen nature requires for this the help of grace which heals nature,” since, “on account of the corruption of nature, the rational appetite of the will seeks an individual good unless it is healed by grace.” A weakened power cannot exercise toward God the very efficient act of a healthy power unless it is healed. With still greater reason, fallen man cannot observe the whole of the natural law without healing grace. (Cf. Ia IIae, q. 109, 2. 4.) 2. In the state of fallen nature not yet restored, man has less strength to perform a moral good than he would have had in the state of pure nature. Why? Because now man is born with original sin, that is, directly averted from his supernatural end and indirectly averted from his final natural end; whereas, on the contrary, in the state of pure nature he would not have been born directly turned away from his final natural end, but capable of either conversion or aversion in regard to it. St. Thomas affirms this explicitly enough in treating of the “wounds inflicted upon the whole of human nature by the sin of our first parents,” especially the wound of malice in the will whereby the natural inclination to virtue is diminished. (Cf. Ia IIae, q.85, a.3; q.82, a. I ad I.) 3. As the Angelic Doctor asserts, Ia IIae, q. 89, a. 6, with regard to an unbaptized child: “When he begins to have the use of reason . . . the first thing that occurs to a man as subject for thought is to deliberate about himself. And if he directs himself to the proper end, he obtains through grace the remission of original sin. Again, ad 3: “For the first thing that occurs to a man who attains to discretion is to consider himself as that toward which he should order other things as to an end. For the end is first in intention. And therefore this is the time when he becomes obligated by the positive command of God, who says: ‘Turn ye to Me . . . and I will turn to you’ (Zach. 1:3).” In the De veritate, q. 24, a. 12 ad I, St. Thomas also writes: “As soon as an adult receives the use of free will, if he prepares himself for grace he will have grace”; that is, if he does what in him lies with the help of actual grace, God does not refuse habitual grace nor, accordingly, faith and charity; and He therefore manifests the revealed truths which are entirely necessary for salvation, at least that God is and is a rewarder. This is an admirable form of baptism of desire, without miracle but with the very special help of God and the guardian angle. Then the child should efficaciously love God the author of nature above all things, and this cannot be done without healing grace. But if he does what he can under actual grace, according to St. Thomas, he is justified. Many theologians, however, deny this last conclusion of St. Thomas and Thomists regarding the justification of an unbaptized child. Yet it is not easy to reject it or destroy the principles upon which this conclusion is based. (Cf. above, pp. 197ff.) 4. The fourth consequence of the principle enunciated above is that in the limbo of children the souls of infants who died before receiving baptism, although they do not strictly suffer from the loss of supernatural happiness, yet do not have absolute, perfect natural happiness since they remain indirectly averted from their final natural end on account of unforgiven original sin. But they have “a certain natural beatitude”; cf. De malo, q. 5, a. 3; and they are exempt from any pain of the senses which is inflicted in punishment for a personal conversion to a transitory good; cf. De malo, q. 5, a. 2. In the supplement to the Summa, q. 89, a. 5 ad 3, we read: “Even children who die before attaining maturity will appear at the last general judgment, not to be judged but to witness the glory of the Judge.” Cf. Hugon, De novissimis, 1927, p. 813. There are other consequences of the foregoing priniples.114 Is it certain that this basic principle is found in the works of St. Thomas? Beyond any doubt, if the texts cited are carefully studied, especially Ia IIae, q. 109, a. 3: “In the state of fallen nature man requires the help of grace healing nature in order that he may love God naturally [as author of nature] above all things.” And again, IIa IIae, q. 10, a. I ad I: “It is not proper to human nature to have infused faith. But it is proper to human nature for the mind of man not to reject the interior instinct and exterior preaching of truth. Hence unbelief is accordingly contrary to nature.” All sin which is directly opposed to the supernatural end is at least indirectly against God as natural end and author of nature, since the natural law already prescribes that God is to be obeyed whatever He commands, whether in the natural order or in a higher order. The conclusion is therefore contrary to naturalism and laicism: He who withdraws from his supernatural end most assuredly cannot perfectly attain to his natural end. In the present economy of salvation there is a necessary connection between the two orders. As a matter of fact, every man is either in the state of grace or in the state of sin, and if he is in sin, he is directly averted from his final supernatural end and indirectly from his final natural end. St. Thomas comments on Matt. 12:30: “God is the natural end toward which all things tend; therefore he who is not with God must be separated from Him.” Naturalism is, after all, contrary to nature, since it is against God toward whom all nature tends. Hence Christ declared: “He that is not with Me, is against Me: and he that gathereth not with Me, scattereth” (Matt. 12:30). But on the other hand He assured the apostles: “He that is not against you, is for you” (Mark 9:39). Accordingly, those who are already sincerely seeking God do so by the help of grace, as if God were to say to them: “You would not be seeking me sincerely if in some measure you had not already found Me.” “Not that we are sufficient to think anything [salutary] of ourselves, as of ourselves: but our sufficiency is from God” (II Cor. 3:5). INDEX* Abraham’s obedience, 299 Absolute certainty; see Certainty, absolute Absolute supernatural, 7 Absolute will of God; see Consequent will Absolution, faith required for, 335 Accident essentially related to substance, 122 Act specified by object, 464-80: differentiating acquired and infused virtues, 469-71, 475; Cajetan on, 473 Action, philosophy of, 301 Actual grace
Adam
Adoption of sonship
Aeterni Patris (encyclical), 295 Agnes, St., 282 Ailly, Nominalist disciple of, 125 Albeda, Gonzalaz de; see Gonzalez de Albeda Albert, St.: on the Mass, 111 Almsgiving, 388 Alphonsus Ligori, St., 182
Alvarez aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504justification of pagan child, 243 note operative grace, 177 procession of acts in justification, 357 quoted by St. Alphonsus, 232 sufficient and efficacious grace, 220, 432 note supernaturalness of faith, 482, 484 Analogous concepts, 123, 369, 403 Andronicus, grace of martyrdom, 282 Angelo, O.P.: thesis on justification of pagan child, 341 Angels baptism of desire and guardian, 505 Anselm, St.: on free will, 290 Antecedent will, 40, 183-86, 432: and categorical good, 99 note, 267;
Anthony of the Holy Ghost, C.D.: prayer of impulse, 283 note Apostles confirmed in grace, 107, 290 Apostolic life, 161 Aquaviva, Claude: decree on grace, 206 Aristotle, 69, 94 note, 100
Acquired perseverance, 102 Arnauld: little interior grace admitted by, 188; remiss charity, 188 Assisting grace, 180 Atheism, 481 Attrition, 92, 266, 346: defined, 348; natural and supernatural motives for, 348 Auctorem fidei, bull condemning synod of Pistoia, 177 Augustine, St., 10, 13 and note, 206 divine efficacy, 313 Augustinians
Auxiliis, Congregatio de, 69, 83, 206 Averroes: powers diversified by natures, 466, 474 Aversion from supernatureal ends, 504
Bainvel: infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note Baius, 6, 8
condemnation of, 61, 132 Balaam’s gift of prophesy Balance of theological principles, 422-28, 442 Bancel: the divine decree, 443 note; extension of his opinion, 265, 268 and note; sufficient grace a physical promotion, 230 Bañez, 206: accused of invention, 216, 440; aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504; procession of acts disposing for grace, 357; supernatural revelation quo et quod, 486 note; supernaturalness of faith, 482 and note, 484 “Bañezianism,” 445-64: in Capreolus, Cajetan, 446 and note; del Prado on, 216, 440, 446; in St. Thomas, 447, 458 Baptism 149: of desire in pagan child, 341, 344, 504; grace of, 443 Basil, St., De humilitate, 418 Bautin (fideist), 42, 44 Beatific vision, 137, 401 note: in Christ, 288; object of 400 Beatitude, 137: natural and supernatural, 410 Beghards, errors about venial sin, 96 Belief: from supernatural motive required grace, 48; in God required for beatitude, 343 note; motives of, 344; see also FaithBellarmine, St. Robert, 70, 154, 216
Christ’s obedience, 294 Bellelli, the ascendant delight, 254
Benedict XIII (pope), 17: approved efficacious grace, 253; Benedict XIV (pope): efficacious grace, 261, fortitude, 281 Benedict XV (pope): Mass for happy death, 109, 397
Benevolence, 114: of God the source of justification, 328; Bernard, St.: Christ’s obedience, 294; grace and free will, 275; operative grace, 168 Berti: grace efficacious by ascendant delight, 204, 254 Bible: inspiration of the, 285, 462 note; see also Scriptures Biel, Gabriel: infused and acquired faith, 481; see also Gabriel Billot S.J. (cardinal), 445
Billuart against Nominalists, 132 Blessed in heaven: alone know the Deity,
Blessed Virgin Mary; see Virgin Mary Body, subject to soul in state of innocence, 24 Boetius: consequential necessity, 263 Bonaventure, St.: grace and free will, 276; procession of acts disposing for grace, 357; supernaturalness of faith, 484 Bonetti (fideist), 42, 44 Boniface II (pope), Second Council of Orange confirmed by, 14, 417 Bossuet, 219 adversary of quietism, 264 Bouillard, S.J., 35 note, 411 note: Modernism and, 412 note; reciprocal causality, 358 note Boyer, S.J.: habits and active principles, 478; supernaturalness of grace, 484 Brown, O.P.: matter and form of sacraments, 479
Caesarius of Arles against Semi-Pelagians, 14 Caiphas' gift of prophecy, 152 Cajetan aversion from natural and supernatural ends, 504 Calvinism certainty of being in grace, 317 Cano: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484 Capreolus, 49:
Cartesians, substance and accident not distinct, 117, 125 Carthage: first council of, 10; second council of, 10 Cassian, moderate Semi-Pelagian, 11 note, 13, 14 Categories applied to grace, 121 Catharinus: certainty of grace, 317 and note; "Molinism" invented by, 205Causality
Caussade, de, S.J.: Self-Abandonment to Divine Providence, 277 Celestine I, St. (pope): condemnation of Semi-Pelagianism, 14, 94; necessity of actual grace, 97; perseverance, 101Certainty
Charismata; see Grace gratis data Charity; see also Love
Christ as man merited all grace, 148 Chrysostom, St. John; see John Chrysostom Church doctrine; see also Lateran, Milevum, Orange, Quierzy, Trent, Vatican, Valence
Cicero, naturalism of, 9 Clement VIII, and the Congregatio de Auxiliis, 69, 206, 471 note Clement XI (pope), defense of Thomism, 17 Clement XII (pope), efficacious grace, 261 Clement of Alexandria, grace and free will, 88 Coercion, freedom from, 188, 287, 379 Coimbrian school, departure from St. Thomas, 216, 259 Coincidence of death with grace, 104: not fortuitous, 108 Collationes (Cassian), 11 note Commandments, 208; see also Law, natural; Precept Communion; see Eucharist Communion of saints, 388 Communism, atheistic, 237, 498 Compensation for natural inequality by grace, 316 Complacency, love of: in unbaptized infants, 65 Composite sense, 421 note: and divided sense, 263, 304, 449 Concordia; see Molina Concreation, 307 Concupiscence: incorrupt nature exempt from, 23; original justice exempt from, 25; in state of pure nature, 22; and weakness of will, 65 Concurrence
Condemnation of Baius and Quesnel, 61 Condition not to be confused with cause, 226, 260 Conditional will of God; see Antecedent will Conferred sufficient help, 213 Confirmation in grace, 107, 290: with transforming union, 323 Congar, O.P.: on predetermination, 460 and note Congregatio de Auxiliis, 69, 83, 206, 471 note Congruism, 19, 203-7, 221 note accepts scientia media, 247 Coninck: Nominalism on sanctifying grace, 127 Conjectural knowledge of being in grace, 317, 320, 323 Connaturalness of supernatural acts, 120, 132 and note Consecration to the Sacred Heart, 344 Consequent will, 40, 99 note, 183-86: efficacious grace from, 198, 432; Constraint, freedom from, 88, 287, 379 Contemplation, infused: belongs to sanctifying grace, 153 and note; certainty of grace in, 323; not extraordinary, 162; operative grace suffices, 175; painful and obscure, 272 Contemplative life and active life, 161 Contemplative prayer, 251, 271: apparent clarity withdraws from, 294 Contenson: procession of acts disposing for grace, 357; sacramental grace, 149 Contingentism, 124, 368 Contradiction, principle of, 330, 453 and note Contrition: habitual grace and disposing act of, 357; justification requires explicit act of, 349; necessary for justification, 335, 345; perfect and imperfect, 348; purpose of amendment virtual in, 349 Conversion: imperfect and perfect, 356, 360; operative actual grace, 163; from sin requires grace, 91 Cooperative grace, 38, 150, 181
Cornoldi, S.J., 445 Corrupt nature; see Fallen nature Council of Orange; see Orange, Second Council of Covenant between God and Christ the Redeemer (Molina), 14, 63, 82-85: acceptable to Semi-Pelagian, 82; condemned by French clergy, 85; confers grace on natural act, 77; grace not refused to negative preparation, 82 Created grace; see Grace, created Creative act from divine liberty, 129 Creature: naturally deficient, 223, 229, 248; inequality of, 418 Curé of Ars, unaware of his grace, 318 Curiel: participation in infinity impossible, 128, 538 Cyprian, St.: adoption, 136; glory in nothing, 418 Cyril of Jerusalem: grace and free will, 88
Dark night of the soul, 251: demands efficacious grace, 279; difficulty of, 264; confidence amid, 502; purification of faith in, 496 De civitate Dei, 13 note, 33: perseverance of angels, 107; temporal reward of natural virtue, 53 De dono perseverantiae (St. Augustine), 33: efficacious grace, 193; inscrutability of God's judgment, 108; principle of predilection, Pelagians, 102 De Region, 206 Death: and final perseverance, 105; incorrupt nature exempt from, 23; original justice exempt from, 25; in state of pure nature, 22 Decree, divine, 186, 224, 245 Augustine to Prosper on, 244
Deficient cause, 224, 226: for lack of grace, 313; required only by sin, 260, 269, 450 Degrees of divine motion, 34-38 Deity above being and unity, 186 Del Prado, O.P., 427 note aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504 Deliberation: and divine motion, 35; in infused virtues, 172 Delight, ascendant, 202, 204, 254 Demons: freedom confirmed in evil of, 291; love of God in, 65; material faith, 51, 469, 494; their belief in mysteries of faith, 48, 123 Denifle, Luther und Luthertum, 16, 339 Descartes; see Cartesians Determinists, liberty of indifference denied by 218 Dionysius, "patiens divina," 322 note Discerning of spirits: charismatic grace, 151, 155; see also Grace gratis data Disposition for grace: final, instantaneous, 351-53, 355, 358; see also Preparation for grace Divided sense: Calvin's use of term, 263, 287, 304, 440; and composite sense, 263, 304; Msgr. Parente confuses, 449; St. Thomas', 450 and note Divine decree; see Decree, divine Divine maternity, dignity of, 141, 360 Divine motion: degrees of, 34-38; necessary for good act, 597 Divine nature, defined, 129; see also Participation in divine nature Divisions of grace, 5, 150-81 Doctrine of the Church; see Church doctrine
Durandus, 68 note, 125: adoption of sonship, 137, 142;
denial that object specifies act, Duval: perseverance, 100
Eclanum, Julian of (Pelagian), 10 Eclectic method: about easy and difficult acts, 422; unscientific, 286, 294 Eclecticism: of the Sorbonne, 19 and note, 203
Efficacious grace, 150, 183, 421 and note: Efficacious help, in the state of pure nature, 22 Election applies to means, 171 Elias and Enoch meriting, 381 Empiricism, 289, 496 Ephesus, Council of: against Pelagians, 10 Erigenus, Scotus: error about sufficient grace, 190 Errors concerning grace, 8-15 Essence of grace; see Grace Esther, Book of, 240, 250 Estius: ignorance as disposing for grace, 88 Eternal life, cannot be merited without grace, 74 Eucharist: charity increased at Communion, 392; means of graces greater than state ofinnocence, 29, 30; on nine first Fridays, 398 note Eunomius: faith alone suffices, 338 Evil: permission a condition, not cause of, 226; permitted for greater good, 27, 30, 32, 445 note; requires only deficient cause, 260, 356, 445 note; see also SinEvolutionism, 330, 355 Example, external grace of, 150, 152, 212 Exciting grace, 180 Existentialism, 289, 448 note Experience, obscurity of, 477 External grace, 150, 212, 260, 443 Extraordinary help not miraculous, 39
Faith; see also Belief absolute infallibility of, 487-89 Fallen nature, state of, 26
Fatalism, 266 Faustus of Riez, Semi-Pelagian, 13, 14: beginning of salvation, 11 noteFear: filial, 340, 347; servile, 347 Felicitas, St.: grace of martyrdom, 282 and note "Felix culpa," 31 Ferrariensis aversion from natural and supernatural ends, 504 Fessart, Gaston, 448 note Fideists: disparagement of reason, 44; grace necessary for knowledge of truth, 42 Fiduciary faith of Protestantism, 317, 332, 338: confusion of faith with hope, 335 Final grace, Semi-Pelagian errors regarding, 11 Final instant, 351, 381
Finality, principle of: applied to disposition for grace, 78;
commensurate agent, 98; First grace: for another, 387-88; whether man can merit, 384-87; see also Initial grace Following of Christ on efficacious grace, 254, 276 Foreknowledge, God's: Semi-Pelagian error about, 12; see also Mediate knowledge Foreseen consent, 187, 203, 254; God waits upon our (Molina), 242; see also Mediate knowledgeFormal constituent of divine nature, 400: subsistent being, 400; subsistent intellection, 400 and note Formal object: of acquired and infused faith, 471; quo et quod, 468 note, 484, 491; specifies act or habit, 66, 140, 464-80 Fortitude of the martyrs and grace, 280 Francis de Sales, St.: efficacy of grace, 277 Francis of Assisi, St.: humility of, 270, 418 Franzelin: acquired and infused faith same object, 481; Christ's obedience, 293; and Gonet, 228 Free will; see also Liberty
Friendship: by charity, 376; love of, 60; merit de congruo based on, 368, 387; merits reward infallibly, 397 Froschammer, Semi-rationalist, 9 Fulgentius, St.: the Gentiles acting from grace, 71; perseverance, 275; against Semi-Pelagians, 14, 244
Gaetan du Saint Nom de Marie, on St. Paul of the Cross, 280 note Gardeil: on Deity, 399 note; habitual grace a habit, 123; participation in divine nature, 133, 407; supernaturalness of faith, 484Gelasius (pope), books of Faustus and Cassian denounced by, 14 General help, 38-40 Gennadius of Marseille, Semi-Pelagian, it note, 13 Gentiles, 9, 71 Germanicus, St.: grace of martyrdom, 282 Gerson and Nominalism, 525 Gifts of the Holy Ghost, 36: operative grace, 563, 170-72; present-day need of, 498-503; sufficient grace of, 443 Glory
God; see also Deity absolute power of, 375 Godoy: aversion from natural and supernatural ends, 504; original sin for greater good, 31; procession of acts for habitual grace, 357 Gonet, 31 adoption procured by grace, 142 Gonzales, O.P. (cardinal): physical premotion, 216 Gonzalez de Albeda, O.P., 182: divine decree, 443 note; his impeded predetermination inconceivable, 231 and note; impulse to second act, 230; misinterpreted, 265, 268 and note; opinion on sufficient and efficacious grace, 577, 214, 230; rejects mediate knowledge, 230Good whether it can be willed without grace, 52-56 Gospel, law of the, 148 Gotti, 208, 211: aversion from supernatural and natural ends, 504; supernaturalness of faith, 482, 484 Gottschalk: Council of Toucy, controversies over, 268, 435, 455; predestinationism, 15, l87; prepared way for Lutheranism, 8 Goudin: procession of acts for habitual grace, 357 Grace Absolute perfection of, 141 Grace gratis data 150-63
Gratitude, 251, 271; see also Thanksgiving Gratuitous predestination: Molina and,15; Semi-Pelagian errors, 11 Gregory, St. (pope): active and contemplative life, 161; predestination, 168 Grignon de Montfort, St.: true devotion to Mary, 388 Grou, S.J.: efficacious grace, 254, 277 Guillermin, 210 note, 443 note: on Gonzilez’ opinion, 230 and note, 265, 268 and note; on little grace, 189 Guilt, remission of, 327-32; see also Evil; Gunther (Semi-rationalist), 9
Habitual grace; see also Grace, sanctifying
Hadrumetum, Semi-Pelagian monks of, 13 Happiness, natural desire for, 35, 37, 169 Harent: infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note Harnack, 339 Healing, grace of (charisma), 151, 155; see also Grace gratis data Healing grace; see Grace, healing Héfèle, C. J.: Histoire des Conciles, 417, 434 note Help: general and special, 38; natural help for knowledge, 41; sufficient at age of reason, 81 Henríquez, S.J.: judgments against Molina, 206 Heretics’ natural knowledge of supernatural truths, 48 Hermes (Semi-rationalist), 9 Hervé, Manuale, 393 Hilary, against Semi-Pelagians, 14 Hincmar, defended efficacious grace at Council of Toucy, 455 Historical method, weakness of, 286 Holy Ghost: inspires prayer, 251, 272; merit of free consent to, 379; power of, 373; sufficient cause of glory, 373; see also Gifts Holy Orders, sacramental grace of, 149 Hope
Hugon De gratia, 17, 68 note, 86 Human nature
Humility
basis of, 249,267, 436 Hyperdulia, 142 Hypostatic union: and charismata, 157; surpasses order of grace, 141
Ignorance culpable, 318 Illuminative way, 162 Imitation of Christ on efficacious grace, 254, 276 Immanentism: destroys supernaturalness of grace, 17; misunderstood “capable of grace,” 360 Immediate sufficient help, 213 Immortality, not due to nature, 33 Impediments to knowledge, 47 Impulse, prayer of (St. Theresa), 283: differs from sensible devotion, 284; effects of, 284; envigorates the soul, 284; not induced naturally, 284 Incarnation: greater good of, 355; had man not sinned, 31; more perfect than justification, 359 Incorrupt nature, state of, 23, 504 Indiculus de gratra Dei, 416 Indifferent acts, none for individual, 54, Indirectly voluntary acts, 318, 322 Indispensable condition not a cause, 226, 260 Infants: justified without free will, 332; in limbo, 505; Semi-Pelagian error about salvation of, 12 and note Infidels, Semi-Pelagian error regarding, 12 Infused contemplation; see Contemplation, infused Infused virtues, 170 and note: confer power, not act, 197; and cooperative grace, 172; sufficient grace of, 443 Initial grace: Semi-Pelagian errors regarding, 11 and note; see also First grace Innocence, state of; see Original justice Inscrutability: of God’s judgments, 83, 108, 244, 438, 441; of human heart, 318, 322 Instant: final, 351; of justification, 349-52 Instrumental power of sacraments, 132 Integrity of nature, 23 could not merit eternal life, 369 Internal grace; see Grace, internal Interpretation of speeches, charismatic grace, 151; see also Grace gratis data Irenaeus, St.: heresy of Simon Magus, 338; sufficient grace, 192 Isambert, middle ground on efficacious grace, 204 note
Christ did not die for all, 188 Janssens: God’s foreknowledge, 452 Jerome, St.: against Pelagians, 10 Jesuits; see Society of Jesus Jews, more enlightened and ungrateful, 30 Joan of Arc, St.: state of grace, 318 John Chrysostom, St., 88: really sufficient grace, 192; salvation a gift of God, 418; the works of the Gentiles, 71 and noteJohn Damascene, St.: God’s salvific will, 424 John of St. Thomas, 7 actual grace twofold, 175 John of the Cross, St., 251 Ascent of Carmel, 423 Joseph, St.: restored nature in, 29 Judaism, naturalism of, 9 Julian of Eclanum (Pelagian), 10 Justice: commutative and distributive in merit, 383; presupposes mercy, 373-75 Justification, 325-62 acts required of sinner for, 332 Justifying grace, 36: and affectively efficacious love, 64; operative, 170 note; as something distinct from perseverance, 101
Kinds of grace, 5 Kleutgen, SJ.: defense of traditional Thomism, 445, 448 note Knowledge charismatic grace, 151, 155; see also Grace gratis data Kors: grace in Adam a personal gift, 24, 327 note
La Taille, de, S.J.: moral obligation of Christ to die, 293 and note, 296; supernaturalness of infused faith, 484 Laberthonnière, immanentism of, 17 Lacordaire: the supernaturalness of faith, Laicism, 506 Lallemant, S.J.: efficacious grace, 277 Lammenais: traditionalism to liberalism, 337 Lateran Council, Fourth, 131 Law, natural, 61, 65: with charity, 68; grace necessary to fulfill substantially 67-74; habitual grace to fulfill perseveringly, 73; indirectly violated by sin against supernatural law, 66 Law, New Testament: set in the heart, 148 Law, written, 150 Leclercq, Dom H., 417 Ledesma: grace participation in infinity, 128 Ledochowski, S.J., 49: acknowledges Molina departs from St. Thomas, 71 Leibnitz: psychological determinism, 189 note, 218 Lemoine: middle ground on efficacious grace, 204 note Lemos, Thomas de, O.P., 38, 69
Lennerz, SJ.: specification of acts, 465 Leo (pope): adoption of sonship, 136 Leo XIII (pope), 295: biblical inspiration (Providentissimus), 462 and note, 285; consecration to the Sacred Heart, 344; Divinum illud munus, 361; and Thomism, 448 note Lepidi: supernaturalness of infused faith, Lessius Christ’s obedience, 293 Liberalism: confusion of two orders, 337; error of neutrality, 236, 498 Liberatore, S.J., 445 Libertism, 124, 368 Liberty; see also Free will nature, 127 Lichetto, 125 Liguori, St. Alphonsus; see Alphonsus Lorca: Christ received no precept to die, 293 Love; see also Charity cause of goodness is God’s, 113 De Lubac, H., Surnaturel, 410 Lucidus, predestinationist, 15, 187 Lugo, de: diversity of habits specify acts, 69, 465, 472 and note; infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note; precept received by Christ, 293 Luther, Martin
Manicheans, 229: dualistic pessimism, 58; error refuted, 33; free will denied by, 88 Margaret Mary, St.: promise of the first Fridays, 398 Mariana, S.J.: Molinism attacked by, 206 Marin Sola: and St. Alphonsus, 232; undue extension of Gonzilez’ opinion, 230 and note Martines: grace a participation in infinity, 128 Mass, sacrifice of the: grace to celebrate, 149; for grace of perseverance, 397; greater union with God through, 30; for happy death, 109; St. Thomas anticipated Protestant objection, III Massodig: accepts J. Gonzilez’ opinion, 230, 265; retains Thomistic principles, 268 and note Master General, O.P.: letter from Benedict XIII to, 253 Master of the Sentences; see Sentences Materialism, 353, 481 Mattiussi, S.J., 445: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484 Mazzella, S.J.: habits specified by formal objects, 70; necessity of actual grace, 98; St. Paul’s enumeration of charismata, 154Mediate knowledge, 83 note, 255 ascribes passivity to Pure Act, 255, 439, Mediate sufficient help, 213 Medina: his enumeration of charismata, 154 Megarians: no power without act, 218, Menéndez Rigada, O.P.: and Father Gardeil, 399 note, 407 and note Mercy basis of gift of perseverance, 397 Merit, 363-98 based on friendship, 368 Merkelbach: sacramental grace, 149 Michel, A.: on Christ’s free obedience, 294 Milevum, council of, 10: commandments require grace, 68; condemned Pelagians, 76, 94; venial sin, 96 Ministry not grace gratis data, 154, Miracles: adapted to intelligence, 45; charismatic grace, 151, 154; external grace, 212; motive of credibility of, 156 484; see also Grace gratis data Miraculous: justification not ordinarily, 360; substantially, 7 note; and supernatural substantially, 159, 368 Missal, prayers of the, 250, 271 Mixed life, 161 Moderate realism, 345 Moderate Semi-Pelagianism, 13 Modernism, 412 note, 448 note: on faith, 483, 487; oath against, 45; on pure nature, 32 368, 384, 387 Molinism actual grace unnecessary to just, 97 Molinos, Michael, 96 Monica. St.: merited conversion de congruo, 368, 384, 387 Mopsuestia, Theodore of: minimized necessity of grace, 9 Moral certainty, 323 Moral motion, 254: cannot move infallibly to choice, 256 and note; Molina against Semi-Pelagians, 163; objective or attracting, 254 Mortal sin: avoidance by sinner, 93-95; death to essence of soul, 147; of just man, 95; in will, 147 Mother of God; see Divine maternity Motion: cooperative, 170; divine, 34-38, 258 and note; operative, 170; three elements of, 347, 354 Muzio Vitelleschi, S.J.: confirmed Congruism, 207 Mystical contemplation; see Contemplation infused
Natural concurrence, 44: grace in broad sense, 46; insufficient to produce supernatural disposition, 80; knows and enlarges on revelation, 47 Natural good works, 371 Natural law; see Law, natural Natural meaning of “grace,” 3 Naturalism, 8,506: Judaism and, 9; pagan origin of, 9 Nature: defined, 129; and supernature, 211; see also Divine nature; Human nature Necessity: consequential and logical, 262; and contingency, 459; mediate, 335, 337; of precept, 335Necessity of grace, 41-109
Negation and privation distinguished, 298 Negative reprobation, 440 and note Neo-Caesaria, Council of, 76, 94 New Syncretism; see Syncretism, new., I New Testament law, 148 Nicholas de Flue, St., 259 note Nicholas of Utrecht (Nominalist), 496 Nicolai, accepts J. González’ opinion, 230 Nominalism adoption of sonship, 137, 142 Noris: ascendant delight, 204
Obediential power of soul, 121, 306: capable of grace, 360; defined, 307; Object: formal constitution of, 48; see also Formal object Ockham: anticipated empiricism, 496; grace a “bank note,” 124; prepared way for Luther, 16 Offered sufficient help, 213 Onanism, 58 Ontological perfection and formal object, 465, 474 Ontologists, 117, 125 Operative grace, 36, 150, 155, 170
Orange, Second Council of, 11
Order of states of nature, 31 Origenists, 9 Original justice, state of, 24: efficacious
Original sin, 26, 504
Paganism, 9 Pagans: justification at age of reason
of, 341-45; virtue
requires special Pain: derives merit from charity, 373; exemption of incorrupt nature from, 23; original justice exempt from, 25; in state of pure nature, 22 Paludanus, quoted by Lorca, 293 Pantheism, 58, 489 Paquet: indifferent physical premotion, 204; not “Cajetan-Thomistic,” 257; premotion toward good in general, 256 Paquier, Le Jansénisme, 189 Parente, P.
Participation in the divine nature, 116, 399-412
Pascal: hierarchy of being, 80; the “wager,” 61 note Pascendi, Pius X, 448 note Passive perseverance, 100 note, 102 Passive purification, 268
Passivity attributed to Pure Act, 255, 439, 447, 455, 464 Patriotism, motives distinguished, 66 Paul V (pope): distinguishes Thomism from Calvinism and Jansenism, 17; Thomist-Molinist debates before, 206 Paul (apostle), St., 30 calls divine decree a "purpose," 242 note Paul of the Cross, St.: efficacious grace, 280 and note Pecci (cardinal): accepts indifferent physical premotion, 204 note; pre-motion toward good in general, 256 Pelagianism, 422
Penance
Perfection: “as heavenly Father,” 131; of incorrupt nature, 23 Permanent internal help, 212 Permission of sin, divine, 27, 30-32, 222, 441 and note
Permissive will of God; see Consequent will Perseverance of angels, 107 Personal sufficient help, 213 Pesch, SJ.: supernatural help, 98; withdraws from Molinism, 70 Petau: Christ received no precept, 293 Petazzi, S.J.: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484 Peter, St.: his denial, 196, 355; humility of, 27, 30 Petitot on Pascal and sufficient grace, 189 Pharisaism, 249, 242 Philip of the Holy Trinity, C.D.: prayer of impulse, 283 note; procession of acts for habitual grace, 357; transforming union and predestination, 323 Peter Lombard; see Sentences, Master of the Philosophical conception of God, 402 Philosophical sin condemned, 342 and note Picolomini, SJ.: confirmed General Aquaviva’s decree, 207 Pignataro: indifferent physical premotion, 204 note Pistoia, synod of: condemned, 17, 188, 199; denied grace preceding good will, 82; denied sufficient grace, 187 preaching and good example, 188 Pius V, St. (pope): Catechismus romanus, 112 note Pius VI condemned the synod of Pistoia, 17 Pius IX (pope): principle of contradiction and identity, 330; salvation of those in invincible ignorance, 82 and note Pius X, Blessed (pope), 387: Pascendi, 448 note Plato: use of term “participation,” 126 Polycarp, St.: grace of martyrdom, 281 and note Positivism, 45, 345 Possibility of pure nature, 32-34; see also Pure nature Potency and act
Power: loving God by natural, 56; specification of, 468, 473; see also Potency and Act Power of God, absolute, 375 Pragmatism, 448 Prayer breath of the soul, 250, 264, 271 Preaching of the gospel, 150, 212: only antecedent grace for Pelagians, 177 Precept laid on Christ, 295: denied, 293 Predestination
Predestinationism, 8, 15-20, d 7 , 422: on free will and grace, 200 Predilection, principle of, 4, 246, 254 Predilection, principle of applications of, 418-23 Predisposition of matter, 310: does not necessitate form, 313 Premotion
Preparation for grace, 309-12
Preservation of grace, 332 Prevenient grace; see Grace, prevenient Privation: and negation distinguished, 298-300; physical and moral, 329; voluntary, 329 Prophecy, conditional “threatening,” 456 note Prophecy, gift of, 150: Caiphas, Balaam, pagan sibyl, 152; compared to faith, 160; and prophetic instinct, 477; see also Grace gratis data Prosper, St., 12,71: adheres to Augustine, 424 note; intrinsically efficacious grace, 244, 275; predestination, 237; predilection, 416; against Semi-Pelagians, 14Protestantism, 180; see also Calvinism; Luther
Providence, 32, 212: certainty of being in grace, 321; and contingent causes, 217 note; extraordinary, 73; natural and supernatural, 211; special for final perseverance, 104 Providentissimus Deus (encyclical), 285 Proximate sufficient help, 213 Prudence, rectitude of appetite presupposed by, 46 Pseudo-supernaturalism, 8, 15-17 Psychological determinism, 189 note Pure love, 60 Pure nature, state of, 20-23
Purgative way, 162 Purgatory, souls in, 291: not capable of merit, 382; Visquez on merit of, 381 Quality: actual grace not a, 117; immanent action, 119 and note; sanctifying grace, 119 ff. Quasi-experimental knowledge of God’s indwelling, 321 Quesnel
Quierzy, Council of, 8: cited St. Prosper, 237; definition against predestinationism, 16 Quietism, 60: and Thomism, 263
Rationalism, 9 Ratisbonne, miraculous conversion of, 360 Realism, moderate, 345 Reason
Reginaldus: accepts J. Gonzilez’ opinion, 230, 265, 268; Tria principia, 478 note Remiss charity, 391 Remission of sin: required for justification, 347-49; substantially same as infusion of grace, 347 Remote sufficient help, 213 Reprobation, 225: negative and positive 228, 440 and note Restored nature, state of, 26: compared with state of innocence, 27-29 Resurrection of the body, miraculous, 34 Revelation
Revue Thomiste, 399 ff. Ripalda: enumeration of graces gratis datae, 154; grace a substance, 121, 126; infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note; meriting perseverance de congruo, 397; operative grace, 177 Robert Bellarmine, St.; see Bellarmine Rouet de Journel, Enchiridion patristicum, 106, 112, 129 note: adoption of sonship, 136 note; faith for justification, 336 note, 340 note; perseverance, 394; remission of sin, 326 note; sufficient grace, 193 Rousselot: natural love of God, 58 and note Rozwadowski, S.J.: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484
Sacraments: disposition for approaching, 320; disposition lacking for, 322; instrumental cause of grace, 305; matter and form of, 479; necessity of, 219 Sacred Heart: consecration to, 344; promise of final perseverance by, 398 note Salmanticenses, 7
Salutary works distinguished from meritorious, 370, 378, 386 Salvific will of God, 19, 86, 422: St. Augustine on, 455; St. Thomas on, 425 Sanctifying grace; see Grace, sanctifying; Habitual grace Satisfaction, 371, 378 Satolli: indifferent physical premotion, 204 note; not “Cajetan-Thomistic,” 257; premotion toward good in general, 256 Scaramelli: transforming union and predestination, 323 Scheeben, M. J.: divine motion, 258 note, 461 and note; supernaturalness of faith, 484 Scientia media; see Mediate knowledge Scotus adoption of sonship, 137, 142 Scotus Erigenus, 290 Scriptures, 190 note charity, 375 faith without works, 338 and note final perseverance, 393 God, author of salvation, zog grace, 111 humility, 249 intrinsically efficacious grace, 240-43 perseverance, 101 prayer of petition, 270, sufficient grace, 190 Second Council of Orange; see Council of Orange, Second Semi-Pelagians, 10-14, 417 denial of prevenient grace, 177 efficacious grace defended against, 199 grace merited by love, 63 faith begins in man, 49, 490 happy death, 392 mediate knowledge invented by, 313 meriting eternal life, 370 meriting first grace, 385 perseverance, 100 preparation for habitual grace without rejected by Molina, 164 supernatural love without special grace, actual grace, 75 and note 59 Semi-rationalism, 9 Sensationalism, 496 Sense appetites: disordered even after healing grace, 96; subject to reason in state of innocence, 24 Sentences, Master of the: grace and charity identical, 143; grace is God in us, 117, 120, 125, 139 Serra: procession of acts for habitual grace, 357 Serry, Histoire de la Congregatio de Auxiliis, 83, 471 note Silvester, Francis; see Ferrariensis Simon the Magician: faith alone suffices, 338 Simplicity of child of God, 501 Simultaneous concurrence, 42 and note, 163, 205 Sin
Sleep: justification during, 311, 333; prophetic, 333 Socialism, 237, 498 Society of Jesus, 70: division between Congruists and Molinists, 205-7; system about sufficient and efficacious grace, 203-7; Thomism of, 254, 445 Soto: Christ’s love of God free, 297 note; at Council of Trent, 261, 440; divine premotion, 170 and note, 181; and Molina, 163, 166; procession of acts in justification, 357 260, 356, 445 note Special help, 38 Specification: of acts, 50, 70; by beatific Spirituality and efficacious grace, 268-78Spontaneity, Jansenist error about, 188, State of fallen nature, 20; see also Fallen nature, state ofState of grace, 20: after justification; see also Restored nature State of incorrupt nature, 20; see also Incorrupt nature State of nature, 20; see also Human nature State of original justice, 20; see also Original justice State of pure nature; see Pure nature, state of State of restored nature, 20; see also Restored nature, state of Stephen, St.: charismata manifestation of sanctity, 163; his prayer obtaining Paul’s conversion, 387; sufficient grace, 212 Stimulating grace, 180 Stolz, O.S.B.: on infused faith, 480 note Suarez active obediential power, 471 note Subjective conceptualism, 189 note, 345 Subsequent grace with reference to free will, 178 Substantially supernatural and substantially miraculous distinguished, 159, Sufficient grace, 150, 202-38
Superiority, origin of, 415-19; see also Predilection and Predestination Supernatural essentially in God, 121extraordinary, 162formally and effectively, 7 and noteinfinite disproportion between naturalmodal and substantial, 125, 368works merit glory de condigno, 373 Supernatural help, special in respect to persons, 39 Supernaturalness, 6: of faith, 480-97; of grace for knowing all natural truth, 46; of motive of faith, 489-91; of per se infused faith, 491-93; substantial and modal, 66 Sylvius, works of the just, 374 Syncretism, new, 450-64: objections to, 453-55, 458-64; rejects Molinism, 450, 452; rejects Thomism, 450; solution of, 452 Szabo: infused faith essentially supernatural, 484 Tanner: decree of General Aquaviva, 206; efficacious grace, 212Temporal benefits, merited by natural good works, 89 Thanksgiving, 251, 271: for prayer of impulse, 284; scientia media diminishes need for, 255 Theodicy, 402 Theodore of Mopsuestia, necessity of grace minimized by, 9 Theological virtues, 252, 272-74: formal motives of, 497; see also Faith; Hope; Charity Theology, sacred and natural distinguished, 402 Theresa of Avila, St., 157: devotion to mysteries, 427; efficacious grace of most ardent love, 283-85; purification of charity, 356; transforming union and predestination, 323; transforming union and venial sin, 96 Theresa of the Child Jesus, St.: spiritual childhood and doctrine of grace, 278 and note Thomas Aquinas, St.
Thomassin: combination of helps, 204 and note Thomism: distinguished from predestinationism and Jansenism, 18; meaning of “intrinsically efficacious,” 202; physical premotion, 203 and note; refutation of Molinism, 208Tixeront, Histoire des dogmes, 10 Tolet: departure from St. Thomas, 216 Tongues, gift of, 150, 155; see also Grace gratis dataToucy, Council of, 434 note: consequent will, 184; controversies over Gottschalk, 268; Hincmar at, 455; synodal letter, 435 Tournely, 229
Transforming union, 96, 107, 323 Transient internal help, 212-14 Trent, Council of Trent acts required for justification, 332, 340,adults disposed for justice, 313against Protestantism, 125avoids term “quality,” 122bad works merely permitted by God, 55 and notebrief perseverance, 105Calvinism, 109 note, 200charity diffused, 131Christ’s death meriting salvation, 294condemnation of Semi-Pelagianism, 76conversion from fear of hell, 254conversion from sin requires grace, 92defined value of merit and satisfaction, 364degrees of justice, 315disposing and efficient causes of grace distinguished, 311distinguishes grace and charity, 144divine assistance precludes impossibility of commandments, 72efficacious grace, 198, 211, 220, 233, 243faith alone insufficient, 337faith by hearing for justification, 334final perseverance, 393free will not passive, 261God’s fidelity, 108God’s will and permission, 435 andgrace a permanent principle, 411inherence of grace, 112, 119just man avoiding mortal sin, 95the just merit de condigno, 372the just need actual grace, 97justification by grace, 328justification demands movement of will, 333 Trinity, 44, 139, 159
Truth: knowledge of entitatively supernatural, 48; knowledge of supernatural, 41; knowledge of truth without grace, 41 ff.; with moral power, 46
Unbaptized, separated souls of children, 65 Unconditional will of God; see Consequent willUnderstanding, gift of, 87 Unigenitus (bull) : condemning Quesnel, 17; does not refer to Thomism, 18 Union with God, formal or ministerial, 152 Unitive way, 29, 162 Universal salvific will; see Salvific will Universals, 473 Utrecht, Nicholas of (Nominalist), 496
Valence, Second Council of, 187, 190 Valentia, S. J.: at the Congregatio de Auxiliis, 83 Vallgornera, O.P.: prayer of impulse, 283 Van Noort: infused and acquired faith same object, 481 note Vásquez, 42
Vatican Council
Vega: moral certainty of being in grace, 317 and note; perseverance, 100 Venial sin, avoidance of, 95 Viator, state of, 380; final instant as, 352 Vienne, Council of, 122, 144 Vincent, St. (martyr), 282 Virgin Mary
Virtue: applied analogically, 123; Aristotle’s definition, 144; distinct from grace, 143-46; diversity of, 499; infused, 139, 170 and note, 172 Vision, beatific, 137 Vitelleschi, Muzio: congruism of Aquaviva defined by, 207 Vosté, O.P.: liberty under biblical inspira tion, 286 note, 462 note Wayfarer, state of, 380: final instant as, 352 Wilmers, S.J.: De fide divina, 70 Wisdom: charismatic grace, 151, 155; in God and in us, 407; see also Grace gratis data 352 Works, natural good, 371 Wounds of original sin, 25-27: and aversion from natural end, 504; deeper in will than intellect, 65 Written divine law, 150 Wurzburg school, 70 Zozimus (pope): need of actual grace, 97 Zielinski, O.C.D.: on infused faith, 480 noteZigliara: infused faith essentially supernatural 484; motion explained by example of heat, 118 Zubizarreta, 397 * It is regretted that the files containing the chapters of Fr. Garrigou-Lagrange's book have no pagination. However, by reference to the Table of Contents, it is possible to discover which chapters contain particular topics listed in the Index. 114 The Salmanticenses, De gratia, on Ia IIae, q. 109, disp. II, dub. IV, nos. 144-157 |
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